6th October 2024

Article: 6^th October, 2024

Topic: India’s BRAP 2024 Index

Relevance: GS Paper: 3 – Economy

Source: Money Control

Context

• In an attempt to increase the ease of doing business in the nation, the Indian government is bringing its state business readiness rankings into line with the World Bank’s B-READY index.
  
  

About B-READY Index Alignment:

• In their 2024 iteration, the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade’s BRAP rankings will incorporate a few indicators from the World Bank’s B-READY index.
• Launch of the Enterprise Survey: In October, the B-READY index will launch its enterprise survey. To select an industry sample for this enterprise study, the World Bank will work with the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation.
• Timeline of Participation: India will not take part in this exercise until 2026, despite the fact that the B-READY rankings will start in 2024.

Justification for the B-READY Index

• The Ease of Doing Business rankings, which were discontinued in 2021 owing to irregularities that were reported, are expected to be replaced by the B-READY index. The goal of this new framework is to evaluate a nation’s business environment by taking a wider range of variables into account.
• The B-READY framework is anticipated to be utilized by multinational corporations and global financial institutions for assessing national regulatory and policy environments.
• By helping nations better understand and enhance their business regulatory environments, the B-READY index will be a valuable tool for luring investments and promoting economic expansion.
  
  

About the Business-Ready (B-Ready) Index

• The World Bank is developing a ranking system for the ease of doing business globally called the B-READY Index.
• It is intended to take the place of the Doing Business Report, which was discontinued in 2021. It will evaluate and contrast the legal and business environments in various nations.
  
  

Principal Elements of the B-READY Index:

• Evaluation of Business Environment: The index will rank nations according to how simple it is to launch, run, and grow a business.
• Enterprise Surveys: Enterprise surveys, which gather information from companies across various industries to comprehend the regulatory obstacles they encounter, will play a significant role in the ranking.
• Extensive Indicators: It will monitor a number of indicators, such as how simple it is to get permits, how taxation works, how easy it is to get credit, and other elements that affect the business climate.
• Emphasis on Inclusivity: The index attempts to make sure that a variety of business environments are fairly assessed, particularly those found in emerging economies.

Also Read Topics & Concepts:

Prelims Practice Questions

Q. Which one of the following is not a sub-index of the World Bank’s ‘Ease of Doing Business Index’?

(a) Maintenance of law and order

(b) Paying taxes

(c) Registering property

(d) Dealing with construction permits

Ans: a

Explanation

Starting a business, finding a location (labor market regulation, building permits, obtaining electricity, registering property), obtaining financing (obtaining credit, safeguarding minority investors), and managing day-to-day operations (tax payments, contract enforcement) are all included in the subindex of the Ease of Doing Business Index. The World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Index does not include maintenance of law and order as a subindex.

Mains Model Questions Q. The “ease of doing business index” is not a reliable indicator of the nation’s business climate. Remark. Additionally, mention the legislative actions implemented to boost Indian commercial activity.

Introduction:

Every year, the World Bank publishes the Ease of Doing Business Report. India is now ranked 63rd out of 190 countries in the most recent rankings. India is among the top ten nations in the world in terms of improvement.

Body:

However, it might be argued that the following factors mean the ranking does not accurately represent commercial activity in the nation:

• Restricted reach: The rankings are derived from audits and sampling conducted solely in Delhi and Mumbai, which may be further extended to Bengaluru and Kolkata from 2020.
• Erroneous estimation process: The rankings are derived from a poll that includes questions intended for professionals in the field, such as accountants, attorneys, and lawyers. As such, it fails to capture the reality that an entrepreneur experiences on the ground, especially in MSMEs.
• Excludes the unorganized sector: Because the cost of production varies for the vast majority of the nation’s unorganized sector, the rankings fail to reflect the true cost of conducting business.
• It does not measure all of the elements of the business environment that are important to investors or businesses, such as the macroeconomic circumstances, the employment, corruption, stability, and poverty levels of the nation.
• It disregards the advantages and disadvantages of the nation’s financial system as well as the global financial system.

Policy actions to be adopted to improve commercial activity in India

• Generating Interest: An active macroeconomic policy is required to counter a slowdown in the rise of aggregate demand. In order to alleviate pressure on the land, spending must be directed toward the rural sector in order to increase agricultural yields and construct the infrastructure required to sustain non-farm livelihoods.
• To reduce the degree to which infractions are treated as crimes, the Companies Act needs to be modified.
• Simpler tax laws and impersonal tax administration are desirable. The appropriate step in this direction will be the Direct Tax Code (DTC).
• Emphasis on manufacturing would aid in solving the employment situation and will lead to higher purchasing capability, thereby improving domestic consumption.

Conclusion: The government’s dedication to implementing extensive and intricate changes, coupled with the bureaucracy’s shift in perspective from being a regulator to a facilitator, has resulted in improvements.

Article: 6^th October, 2024

Topic: Naxalism

Relevance: GS Paper: 3 – Internal Security

Source: Business Standard

Context

• In the Bastar area of Chhattisgarh, security forces shot and killed at least 28 Maoists.
  
  

About Naxalism

• Left Wing Extremism (LWE), also known as naxalism, is one of the main threats to India’s internal security.
• Areas of India impacted by Naxalism are referred to as the “Red Corridor.”

• The goal of naxalites is to use violence to topple the government.
  – They use violence to further their goals and openly declare that they have no faith in the democratic process of voting.

• First Stage: In 1967, a tribal-peasant rebellion against landlords in the West Bengali district of Darjiling village marked the beginning of the Naxal movement.

• Leaders like Jangal Santhal, Charu Majumdar, and Kanu Sanyal spearheaded the insurrection.
• Maoist Communist Party of India: In 2004, two main naxal groups, namely the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI) and People’s War merged to form the CPI (Maoist) party.
  – The majority of the other Naxal groups were eventually absorbed into the CPI (Maoist) by 2008, at which point Naxalite outfits came together under one roof.
  – Under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of 1967, the CPI (Maoist) and all of its front organization formations are listed as prohibited terrorist organizations.
  
  

Maoists are present in India

• States thought to be most severely impacted are Jharkhand, Orissa, Bihar, and Chhattisgarh.
• Partially affected states include West Bengal, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh. The states of MP and UP are thought to be marginally impacted.
• The CPI (Maoist) intends to use the southern states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu as a route to connect the Western and Eastern Ghats.
• Their efforts to encroach into Assam and Arunachal Pradesh carry significant long-term strategic ramifications.
  
  

Reasons behind Naxalism

• Marginalization: The majority of Naxalites are Adivasis, Dalits, and other socially marginalized groups; they do not identify with any one religion or community.
• Economic development and land reforms are the main concerns. Maoism provides an ideological dimension.
• The Naxalite movement is supported by landless people, sharecroppers, agricultural laborers, Harijans, and tribal people.
• Tribal Livelihood and Forest Management: Tribal people rely on the forest, land, and water for their subsistence. Due to a number of laws and directives, they were deprived of these, which heightened their discontent with the government.
• Lack of Development: In places where Naxalism has spread, there are virtually no roads, electricity, drinking water, health care, or educational facilities, as well as no developmental activities.
  
  

How Do Naxalites Present a Problem for the Nation?

• Deficiency Against External Threats: India’s internal vulnerabilities are brought to light by the Maoist movement, rendering the country open to external threats.
• Numerous insurgent groups in the Northeast share close fraternal ties with the CPI (Maoist).
• The majority of these groups have ties to outside organizations that are hostile to India.
• The Maoist CPI has also publicly declared their support for the terrorist organizations in J&K.
• Obstacles to Economic Development: The Maoists focus on India’s impoverished and marginalized areas; stability and internal order are essential for a country’s economic growth.
• Increased Costs for Internal Security: The Naxalite activities are devoting limited resources—that ought to be used for things like social development and defense—to internal security and defense.
• Negative Effect on Governance: In the regions ruled by the Maoists, there is no governance because it was never established through their use of violence.
  
  

The Indian Government’s Strategy

• Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) deployment: In the LWE-affected States, battalions of the CAPFs and Naga Battalions (BNs) are sent to support the State Police.
• Under the Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme, money is given to cover ongoing costs for insurance, security forces’ training and operational requirements, rehabilitation for cadres of the Left-Wing Extremists who turn themselves in, and publicity materials to raise awareness against violence.
• Examine and Keep an Eye on the Mechanisms: The Ministry of Home Affairs regularly monitors the situation at different levels, and the government has implemented a number of review and monitoring mechanisms.

• Strengthening the Intelligence Gathering Mechanism: A number of initiatives have been implemented to improve and fortify the capacities of state and federal intelligence agencies.
• More Effective Interstate Coordination: The government holds regular meetings and exchanges between the official apparatus of the bordering Left-Wing Extremism affected states in order to enhance interstate coordination.
• Strengthening of air support: UAVs and helicopters have been made available to State Governments and the CAPFs for use in anti-naxal operations, including the evacuation of victims and injured parties.
  
  

Way Forward

• It is commonly believed that a mix of development-related and security-related actions can effectively address the Naxal problem.
• It is not appropriate to see the issue only as one of law and order. Innocent tribal people who reside in interior forest locations are frequently intimidated by Naxals.
• It is essential to regain authority over Naxalite-affected communities, promote their development, and provide a safer, more respectable living environment for the disadvantaged residents.
• Notably, LWE violence has decreased as a result of government initiatives.

Also Read Topics & Concepts:

Prelims Practice Questions

Q. Consider the following statements regarding Left-wing extremism

1. It is both an armed insurgency movement and a political ideology.

2. It started in Arunachal Pradesh, India, in 1967.

Which of the above statements are correct?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: a

Explanation

Wing on the left Extremism is a political philosophy and armed insurgency movement that goes by the names Naxalism and Maoism. By toppling the current government, it seeks to enact drastic social and economic change.
The insurrection in Naxalbari, West Bengal, in 1967 served as the impetus for the left-wing extremist movement in India. The majority of the impacted regions are in central and eastern India, which is known as the “Red Corridor.”

Mains Model Questions Q. What is Naxalism? Discuss about the numerous causes of naxalism and the government’s efforts to eradicate it from the nation.

Introduction:

The term “naxalism” refers to the violent actions taken by certain individuals and groups on behalf of tribal people and landless laborers against landlords and other parties. When Naxalbari gained notoriety for the left-wing uprising in West Bengal in the late 1960s, the Naxalite movement gained momentum. It has since come to be seen as the biggest danger to Indian law and order. Currently, the movement is thought to have a direct impact on more than 150 districts and has spread to the forested and hilly areas of about eight different states.

Body:

Motives for the Naxalite Movement:

• Unhappiness among the tribe: The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980 prohibits tribe members, who rely on forest products for their subsistence, from even pruning bark.large-scale tribal population displacement brought on by mining operations, development projects, and other factors in the naxalism-affected states.
• Easy Targets: Maoists convert these individuals, who have no means of subsistence, to naxalism.These individuals receive money, weapons, and ammo from Maoists.
• Gaps in the nation’s socioeconomic structure: Rather than focusing on development in naxal-affected communities, the government measures its performance based on the quantity of violent attacks.
• Absence of Follow-Up from government: It is seen that even after law enforcement establishes control over an area, the government neglects to supply the residents with basic amenities.
• Uncertainty on whether to approach naxalism as a security risk or as a social issue: State governments are not taking any action to combat naxalism since they view it as a problem for the federal government.
  
  

The government’s strategy to combat naxalism:

• Beginning in 2010, Operation Green Hunt involved the widespread deployment of security troops throughout the areas plagued by naxalism. Nine years later, the number of districts afflicted by naxalism has decreased from 223 in 2010 to 90.
• The government is taking a comprehensive strategy to combating left-wing extremism through the Aspirational Districts Program. This includes addressing the issue of security, development, protecting the rights and entitlements of local communities, enhancing governance, and managing public perception.
• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) launched Operation “SAMADHAN” as a response to the Naxal threat. The acronym SAMADHAN means for Smart leadership, Aggressive strategy, Motivation and training, Actionable intelligence, Dashboard Based KPIs (key performance indicators) and KRAs (key result areas), Harnessing technology, Action plan for each theater, and No access to money.
• To establish cooperative Task Forces for operations along interstate borders. improved intelligence exchange and coordination between states.
  
  

The Way Forward

• Good governance: The existence of Naxals in the nation exposes the gaps in the legal system, which has not been able to stop the threat.To put an end to naxalism, the national government must follow a cogent plan.
• Conversation: Holding conversations between the Naxal leaders and government representatives may facilitate the resolution of issues.The administration ought to start a serious conversation with the Naxalites.
• Employment: It’s critical to create more jobs and raise pay. People in the area are forced to join the Naxals due to unstable livelihoods and unemployment.

Rehabilitation and resettlement: The misery of the impoverished has been exacerbated by the presence of mining grounds, irrigation areas, industries, etc. in the area without any plans for the relocation of the displaced people. Rehabilitating this impacted group requires more attention.

Article: 6^th October, 2024

Topic: Hidden pandemic of AMR poses challenge for modern medicine

Relevance: GS Paper: 2 – Health

Source: The Hindu

Context

• For decades, superbugs have been spreading more harm than anyone could have predicted in a quiet pandemic.

About

• Approximately 25% of the world’s antibiotic consumption occurs in India, and 300,000 deaths are directly linked to antibiotic resistance each year.
• Every year, superbugs cause an additional 10 lakh deaths.

• Since the last few decades, no novel antibiotics have been developed.
• More patients presenting with superficial infections are undergoing complex medical interventions, including surgery.
  
  

What are antibiotics and superbugs?

• Superbugs are bacteria (or sometimes fungi) that have developed resistance to multiple antibiotic classes.
  – This happens when bacteria adapt over time and develop resistant to treatments that are designed to combat them and heal the diseases they cause.
• Antibiotics are drugs that either eradicate or inhibit the growth of germs. They are recommended by doctors to treat bacterial infections. They accomplish this by eliminating microorganisms and stopping their growth.
• The first naturally occurring antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming.
• Viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics.
  
  

Antibiotic Resistance (AMR)

• When bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites become resistant to antibiotics, a condition known as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) develops. This increases the risk of disease transmission, illness, and mortality as well as making patients sicker.
• An annual estimated 700,000 individuals pass away from AMR. By 2050, the number of casualties could reach 10 million, accounting for 3.8 percent of the world’s GDP annually.

• Agents used to prevent, control, and treat infectious diseases in humans, animals, and plants are known as antimicrobials.

Antimicrobial Resistance Factors

• Antibiotic Overuse and Misuse: One of the main causes of antimicrobial resistance in humans and animals is the overuse and improper use of antibiotics.
• Inadequate Dosage and Duration: If antibiotics are not administered for the full prescribed duration and dosage, the targeted microorganisms may not be completely eradicated, which may allow the remaining germs to become resistant.
• Self-Medication: The overuse of antibiotics is exacerbated by self-prescription without appropriate medical supervision.
• Consumption of Antibiotics by Food Animals: Antibiotics are frequently used as growth boosters in chicken and other food animals, and this practice eventually spreads up the food chain.
• Poor Sanitation: A significant amount of sewage is dumped into receiving water bodies without being cleaned, which severely contaminates rivers with antibiotic residues.

Difficulties Raised by AMR

• The effective treatment of infectious infections, organ transplants, cancer chemotherapy, and major surgeries is being more threatened by antibiotic resistance.
• There is more concentration on R&D for cancer medications compared to antibiotics because as a society we put less value on antibiotics as drugs.
• AMR results in out-of-pocket medical expenses, particularly for prescription drugs.
  
  

Way Forward

• A concerted international effort involving medical professionals, researchers, policymakers, and the general public is necessary to address the issues raised by antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
• In order to lessen the impact of AMR on public health, more efforts must be made to encourage the appropriate use of antibiotics, surveillance of resistance trends, the development of novel medications, and international cooperation.

Also Read Topics & Concepts:

Prelims Practice Questions

Q. Consider the following statements

1. AMR cannot transfer between individuals.
2. One of the main causes of it may be that both humans and animals lack access to WASH (clean water, sanitation, and hygiene).
3. Due to their beneficial genetic constitution, anti-microbial resistance is not lethal to South Asians.

Which of the above statements are incorrect?

1. 1 and 3
2. 2 only
3. 1 and 2
4. 1, 2, 3

Ans: a

Explanation

Animals, humans, food, plants, and the environment (soil, water, and air) all include microorganisms that are resistant to antibiotics. They can transfer from person to person or between humans and animals, even through eating animal-based food.

One of the main causes of it may be that both humans and animals lack access to WASH (clean water, sanitation, and hygiene).
According to a new study that was published in the Lancet, antimicrobial resistance kills almost 3.9 lakh people annually in South Asia alone.

Mains Model Questions Q. Discuss the idea of antibiotic resistance and its effects for public health. Suggest strategies to address antibiotic resistance.

Introduction:

The issue of antibiotic resistance, which is becoming more and more of a concern worldwide, has also affected Indian healthcare. Antibiotic resistance jeopardizes our ability to combat infectious diseases by making bacteria resistant to medications that once effectively destroyed them. This has serious implications for public health.

Body:

Antibiotic Resistance:

• Evolutionary processes are responsible for the slow but natural emergence of antibiotic resistance.
  However, the overuse and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in agriculture and medicine have significantly accelerated this process.
• This resistance is acquired by bacteria either through genetic mutation brought on by the antibiotic’s selective pressure or by absorbing resistance from other bacteria.

Effects on India’s Public Health:

• Elevated death and Morbidity: Extended illness and a higher death risk are common outcomes of antibiotic-resistant diseases.
• India suffers a large cost, with an estimated 58,000 newborn sepsis fatalities annually due to resistance to first-line antibiotics.
• The rising tide of antibiotic resistance imposes a huge economic burden due to increased hospital admissions and intensive care.
• According to economist Jim O’Neill’s research on antibiotic resistance, India may lose up to $11 trillion in GDP by 2050 as a result of antibiotic resistance.
  
  

Actions to Combat Resistance to Antibiotics:

• The “One Health” strategy, which takes into account aspects of environmental, animal, and human health, is necessary in order to address antibiotic resistance.
• Reducing the emergence of resistance can be achieved by ensuring the prudent use of antibiotics in agriculture and healthcare.
• Antibiotic over-the-counter sales policies need to be properly enforced.
• The usage of antibiotics can be reduced by implementing hygienic practices, early identification, and immunization campaigns to successfully control the spread of illnesses.
• The public and corporate sectors should work together to fund research into vaccines, novel antibiotics, fast diagnostic tests, and alternate forms of treatment.

Conclusion: The urgent problem of antibiotic resistance threatens to undo the progress we have made in public health and return us to a time when even mild infections might be lethal. It is an urgent cry for prompt, coordinated national and international response. Prioritizing international cooperation, public education, research, and appropriate antibiotic usage is crucial to averting this looming health crisis in India.

Article: 6^th October, 2024

Topic: India, US sign pact to expand critical minerals

Relevance: GS Paper: 3 – Science & Technology

Source: Hindustan Times

Context

• A memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed by the US and India to broaden and diversify the vital minerals supply chain.
  
  

What are Critical Minerals?

• These are vital minerals for both national security and economic growth.
• The scarcity of these minerals or their concentration in a small number of geographic areas for extraction or processing may cause “supply chain vulnerabilities and even disruption of supplies.”
  
  

Critical Mineral Applications

• Projects cantered around clean technologies, like solar power, wind turbines, and zero-emission automobiles.
• Critical minerals are used in batteries, semiconductors, solar panels, and other devices. Examples of these minerals are cadmium, cobalt, gallium, indium, selenium, and vanadium.
• Materials and inputs for advanced manufacturing, including ceramics, permanent magnets, and defense applications.
• Minerals such as tantalum, tungsten, titanium, and beryllium are used in new technologies, electronics and defense equipment.
• Dental materials, cancer treatment medications, and medical gadgets all include platinum group metals (PGMs).
  
  

Critical Minerals List

• Various nations have distinct lists of essential minerals that are determined by their own needs and goals.
• Antimony, Beryllium, Bismuth, Cobalt, Copper, Gallium, Germanium, Graphite, Hafnium, Indium, Lithium, Molybdenum, Niobium, Nickel, PGE, Phosphorous, Potash, REE, Rhenium, Silicon, Strontium, Tantalum, Tellurium, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, Vanadium, Zirconium, Selenium, and Cadmium are the 30 minerals that were determined to be vital for India, of which two are essential as fertilizer minerals.
  
  

Importance of collaboration

• By joining the network, India will be able to secure and diversify its supply of vital minerals from countries like Australia, Chile, Argentina, and several African nations.
• In its efforts to lessen its dependency on China for these minerals and create a strong, self-sufficient supply chain for its green energy projects, India has made significant progress with this relationship.
  
  

Additional actions that India has taken

• India is now a part of the Minerals Security Partnership, a multilateral initiative between the US, EU, and 14 other countries.
• India has become a member of the US-led Minerals Security Finance Network, a global effort to improve coordination in safeguarding vital mineral supply chains.
• KABIL, or Khanij Bidesh India Limited: It was established in 2019 as a joint venture by state-run miners NALCO, HCL, and MECL with the goal of obtaining key minerals from overseas, including cobalt and lithium.
  
  

Way Forward

• Critical minerals are now necessary for both national security and economic growth in the country.
• Minerals like lithium, cobalt, and others have become more important because of India’s pledge to switch to a net-zero energy source by 2070.

Also Read Topics & Concepts:

Prelims Practice Questions

Q. Consider the following statements regarding Critical Minerals

1. Only non-metallic components are present.
2. Essential minerals known as rare earth elements are used to make silicon and magnets.
3. India ranks fourth globally in terms of rare earth material production and is the world’s second-largest producer of cobalt.

Which of the above statements are correct?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. 1 and 2
4. 1, 2, 3

Ans: b

Explanation

A crucial mineral can be either metallic or non-metallic, but it must meet two requirements in order for modern economies, technology, or national security to function, and there is a chance that its supply chains will be interrupted. Australia ranks fourth globally in terms of rare earth material production and is the world’s second-largest producer of cobalt.
Essential minerals known as rare earth elements are utilized to make silicon and magnets.

Mains Model Questions Q. Why are crucial minerals seen as a geostrategic tool in the modern world, and what are they? Make recommendations on how India can best utilize its vital mineral resources.

Introduction:

Critical minerals are necessary components utilized in sophisticated manufacturing, defense, renewable energy, and high-tech industries. Their particular qualities are vital for creating electronics, batteries, and aeronautical components. They are essential to national security, economic expansion, and technological innovation. Securing access to vital minerals is strategically significant, influencing global trade and economic stability due to limited global supply and geopolitical reasons. The Government of India has recognized 30 minerals as critical under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957.

Body:

Critical Minerals as a Geopolitical Instrument:

• Technological Edge: High-tech gadget production, national technological advantages, and the promotion of innovation in important industries all depend on critical minerals.
• Defense Capabilities: By guaranteeing access to essential materials, they support national security and military might by being essential in the production of cutting-edge defense systems.
• Economic Influence: Control over important mineral supply chains can greatly impact global markets, increasing a nation’s economic stability and growth prospects.
• Energy Transition: The world’s transition to sustainable energy sources is made possible by these minerals, which are essential for renewable energy technology like solar panels and electric cars.
• Building strategic stocks of essential minerals improves national resilience by acting as a buffer against changes in the market and interruptions in the supply chain.

Techniques India Can Use to Harness Vital Mineral Resources:

• Mapping and Exploration of Resources: To improve resource management, carry out extensive geological surveys to pinpoint and measure the amount of essential minerals that are domestically available.
• International Partnerships: To guarantee a steady, long-term supply of essential minerals, establish trade agreements and strategic alliances with nations rich in minerals.
• R&D investment: To maximize resource utilization, increase financing for research and development of cutting-edge extraction, processing, and recycling technologies.
• Incentives for Policy: Create and put into effect policies, such as tax breaks and subsidies, that encourage the domestic mining and processing sectors.

Conclusion: India has committed to achieving 450 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, hence these minerals are essential to the country meeting its environmental goals. Since lithium and nickel are entirely imported, it is imperative to ensure a steady and sustainable supply of these essential materials. India’s standing in the international market will be enhanced by this aggressive strategy, which will also promote innovation, guarantee economic stability, and bolster national security.