30th November 2024
Article: 30th November, 2024
Topic: Worker population ratio for women doubled
Relevance: GS Paper: 3 – Economy
Source: Down to Earth
Context
- From 22% in 2017–18 to 40.3% in 2023–24, the female worker population ratio has grown, according to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS).
About
- Between 2017–18 and 2023–24, the female labor force participation rate increased from 23.3% to 41.7%.
- Compared to 34.5% in 2017–18, it shows that 39.6% of women with post-graduate degree and above are employed in 2023–24.
- In 2023–24, 23.9% of women with a higher secondary education are employed, up from 11.4% in 2017–18.
Current Patterns according to the 2023 State of Working India Report
- Younger women with more education are joining the workforce, while older women with less education are leaving.
- The proportion of women working for pay is increasing, while women in informal wage work are decreasing.
- Women’s employment in agriculture is declining. The percentage of women working in the service industry is rising.
- Effect:
- The gender wage gap narrows as more women leave informal wage jobs, and it is positively impacted by the rise in the proportion of women in paid employment.
- Longer-term effects on women’s economic engagement in the nation are implied by these changes in the female workforce.
The Importance of Female Involvement
- With the greatest working-age population in the world—expected to reach over 70% by 2030—India is attempting to capitalize on its demographic dividend.
- India has the potential to be the largest contributor to world growth.
- According to a recent report, the next five years will be critical for the nation to reach a GDP growth rate of 8 percent.
- Women must make up over half of the newly produced workforce by 2030 in order to guarantee that growth.
Challenges
- Pay Gap: Women frequently have a sizable gender pay gap even though they are more likely to enter the workforce.
- Sexual Harassment: Women are at a heightened risk of experiencing sexual harassment at work, especially in industries where men predominate.
- Unpaid Domestic Work: Despite the growing number of women entering the workforce, they continue to be primarily responsible for unpaid domestic tasks including babysitting, cleaning, and cooking.
- Absence of Supportive Infrastructure: Work-from-home opportunities, flexible work schedules, and childcare facilities are examples of support infrastructure that could lessen the strain of juggling work and family responsibilities.
- Family Opposition: Families frequently oppose the notion of women working, especially in rural areas or conservative households.
Initiatives by the Government to Promote Women’s Employment
- Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): PMMY helps women get over obstacles to capital access by providing microcredit loans without collateral for the establishment of small businesses.
- The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme aims to change societal perceptions of females in order to prevent gender-based violence and discrimination.
- Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017: The Act increased the length of maternity leave for women employed by companies with more than ten employees from 12 to 26 weeks.
- NITI Aayog’s Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) provides women in business with networking, funding, mentorship, and skill-building opportunities.
- The National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) and Self-Help Groups (SHGs): Through its SHG component, the NRLM promotes rural women to organize into collectives that can obtain marketing possibilities, entrepreneurial training, and credit.
- The National Creche Scheme helps working moms, particularly those in the unorganized sector, by establishing childcare facilities in the area where they can drop their kids off while they work.
- The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) created the Mission Shakti program to empower women during the years 2021–2025.
- Between 2018 and 2023, the Women in Science and Engineering-KIRAN (WISE KIRAN) program provided support to about 1,962 female scientists.
The Way Ahead
- The Finance Minister’s (FM) pronouncements in this year’s budget continue to center on women-led growth.
- From FY14 to FY25, the budgetary allotment for women’s welfare increased by an astounding 218.8%.
- More women entering the workforce can result from awareness initiatives that change societal standards regarding women’s responsibilities.
- Economic independence will be promoted by facilitating women’s entrepreneurship through easier access to financing, business training, and credit.
- Women will find it easier to manage work and family obligations if safe working conditions are provided, harassment at work is addressed, and flexible work arrangements are made available.
Also Read Topics & Concepts:
Prelims Practice Questions
Q. Consider the following statements regarding Labour force participation rate, or LFPR.
1) LFPR is the proportion of people in working age groups who are employed.
2) Worker Population Ratio (WPR) and LFPR data are obtained from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS).
Which of the above statements are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: b
Explanation
The percentage of the population (in working age groups) that is either employed or seeking for work but is unemployed is known as the labor force participation rate, or LFPR.
Key employment and unemployment indicators, such as the labor force participation rate (LFPR), worker population ratio (WPR), unemployment rate (UR), etc., are estimated by the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS).
Mains Model Questions
Q. Examine the significance and possible difficulties of putting India’s planned Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act into effect. Provide recommendations on how to achieve significant economic empowerment for women nationwide.
| Introduction: A proposed law called the Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act (WUEGA) would explicitly target urban unemployment for women. According to WUEGA, women should be guaranteed a minimum of 150 workdays annually. Body: The Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act’s (WUEGA) necessity: Gender Disparities in Urban work: Gender-based differences in work possibilities are frequently observed in urban regions.Sustainable Development Goals and Economic Empowerment: By giving urban women secured job possibilities, WUEGA would empower them. Childcare and Supporting Infrastructure: WUEGA highlights the importance of having childcare on the job site. These clauses make it possible for women to work without compromising their caregiving responsibilities.Learning from Effective Rural Employment Programs: The WUEGA can duplicate comparable models that are adapted for urban settings by taking inspiration from effective rural employment programs such as the MGNREGA.Possibility of Economic Growth and Development: By increasing the work force and boosting productivity, higher employment rates for women can act as a stimulant for economic growth. The Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act (WUEGA) and Its Possible Challenges: Financial Burden: Offering guaranteed employment results in high expenses for program management, infrastructure development (such as childcare centers at workplaces), and compensation.Job Creation in the Community: It may be difficult to provide enough varied employment options that are within an acceptable commute (for example, 5 km) from a woman’s home, particularly in cities with high population densities.Concerns about safety: Women’s participation in the workforce may be limited if they are afraid of being harassed or attacked in public places.Skill Gaps: It’s possible that many urban women lack the education and work experience needed for official job openings.Legal and Bureaucratic Barriers: Legislation intended to improve women’s workplace rights may encounter resistance from people or organizations who are opposed to change and support the status quo. The Way Ahead for WUEGA’s Successful Implementation: Gathering Gender-Disaggregated Data: Policymakers can get important insights into the unique obstacles urban women experience in obtaining and keeping a job by using gender-disaggregated data.Creating an Urban Employment Program with a Gender Perspective: Write the Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act (WUEGA) as comprehensive law that outlines the rights, benefits, and obligations of recipients and the government based on gender-disaggregated data.Build Capacity and Allocate Resources: Provide enough money to implement WUEGA, covering infrastructure construction, administrative costs, workforce salaries, and capacity-building programs.A Staged Method for Execution: Launch pilot projects in a few cities to determine whether deploying WUEGA is feasible. To determine the preparedness of various metropolitan regions and to pinpoint possible obstacles and possibilities, conduct feasibility studies. Conclusion: In order to address gender inequities in employment, affirmative action is mandated by the Indian Constitution, which defends the values of equality and social justice. These constitutional objectives and moral commitments to advance gender equality and empowerment are consistent with the WUEGA’s implementation. |
Article: 30th November, 2024
Topic: Social media ban for young children in Australia
Relevance: GS Paper: 1 – Social Issues
Source: Livemint
Context
- A rule approved by the Australian Senate penalizes websites like as Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, Snapchat, TikTok, and X for failing to block users under the age of sixteen from making accounts.
About
- The purpose of the legislation is to shield youth from the possible negative effects of internet platforms, including exposure to hazardous information, addiction, and cyberbullying.
- Strict Enforcement: Social media companies that violate age restrictions risk heavy fines and will be held responsible for enforcement.
Difficulties in Prohibiting Social Media
- Privacy Issues: Because platforms may compel users to provide government-issued identification to prove their age, the bill poses privacy concerns.
- Age verification is one of the most difficult aspects of putting these prohibitions into effect.
- Possibility of Circumvention: According to experts, the prohibition may result in a rise in the usage of VPNs and anonymous websites, making it more challenging to keep an eye on online behavior.
- Exposure to risky websites: It may unintentionally lead to youths visiting riskier websites, such the Dark Web. This leads to additional problems, such as cybercrimes.
Children’s Addiction to Social Media
- Psychological Effects: High levels of social media use have been connected to higher prevalences of sadness, anxiety, and low self-esteem.
- Physical Effects: A sedentary lifestyle brought on by excessive screen time can contribute to obesity and other health issues like eye strain and bad posture.
- Social and Emotional Impacts: FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) can impede the growth of in-person interactions, erode connections in real life, and impair social skills.
Way Ahead
- Stricter Age Verification: To guarantee that only users who fulfill the minimum age criteria can utilize social media platforms’ services, they should put in place strong age verification mechanisms.
- Parental approval: For users under a specific age, platforms may ask for parental approval.
- Digital Literacy Education: To teach students how to use technology responsibly, schools should include digital literacy in their curricula.
- Usage Limits and Other Platform-Based Interventions: Social media companies might include tools that restrict screen usage, particularly for younger users.
– Platforms may promote positive content and censor bad information with AI-powered technologies. - Rules set out by the government: Strong data privacy regulations help stop data breaches and safeguard consumers’ private information.
- Digital Detox Camps: Setting up camps to promote offline activities and encourage digital detoxification.
Also Read Topics & Concepts:
Prelims Practice Questions
Q. Which of the following sums up the “Dark Web” the best?
a. A section of the internet that can be accessed using search engines and conventional web browsers.
b. A collection of websites that are purposefully concealed and only available with particular software, setups, or permissions.
c. A portion of the internet that is only utilized for study and legal activity.
d. The entire internet, encompassing both private and public networks.
Ans: b
Explanation
The Dark Web is a portion of the internet that is inaccessible using typical web browsers like Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, and Google Chrome and is not utilized by conventional search engines. Rather, specialized software is needed, the most popular of which being the Tor Browser. With this software, users can remain anonymous while accessing hidden websites and services. Because of its anonymity, the Dark Web is frequently linked to illegal activity, but it may also be used for good, including giving journalists, activists, and whistleblowers under repressive governments safe ways to communicate.
Mains Model Questions
Q. In the modern world, social media is a double-edged sword. Discuss on the necessity of social media platform regulation to shield young people from its negative impacts.
| Introduction: Global technology companies, such as Facebook, Google, Twitter, and others, make up the digital infrastructure in practically every country. Despite being little held accountable and rarely subject to regulations, these firms are significantly altering the social landscape. Body: Benefits of Social Media Connection: Teens and young adults feel accepted and at home on social media sites like Facebook and Twitter. This is especially true for people who feel alone or excluded, like young LGBTQ people.Positive Inspiration: Social networks have the power to motivate peers and encourage youth to adopt new, healthful behaviors. Positive role models are also available online for teenagers. Identify Formation: Youth are trying to figure out who they are and where they fit into society during the adolescent years. Teens can practice skills related to identity formation on social media.Research: It can be used by researchers and mental health specialists to gather information that will then be used to guide future studies. Additionally, by networking with one another in online groups, therapists and other professionals can broaden their expertise and audience. Giving Voice: Teens have been able to cultivate an advocacy voice thanks to social media. When exposed to the appropriate channels, this can have a very favorable impact. Social media difficulties and the necessity of regularizing it Defamation and hate speech: Anonymous threats, bullying, harassment, and stalking are the most frequently reported and seen offenses on social networking platforms. Since most of these crimes go unpunished, they are not given much attention. Reinforcing Prejudices: People’s preconceptions and assumptions about other people can be reinforced by social media. Meeting like-minded people online, which gives them a sense of community, makes this worse. The Flat Earth Theory, for example. Trolling or cyberbullying: It has caused major issues and even resulted in adolescent suicides. Furthermore, even teenagers who engage in cyberbullying are more likely to report aggressive, delinquent, and substance-using behaviors. Online child sex abuse and exploitation: According to a research conducted in the United States, almost half of all American children asked said they had experienced bullying, felt uncomfortable, or engaged in a sexual encounter while online. More than half of victims of internet sexual exploitation are between the ages of 12 and 15, according to another study. The Way Ahead A specific Social Media Policy: An all-encompassing policy to control social media by holding platforms accountable for not targeting young people as customers or potential customers. As a result, the algorithms will be more geared toward adults than children.Protections against offensive material: Websites should not be allowed to endorse or promote any content that contains sexual, violent, or other adult material, including gambling or other dangerous, abusive, exploitative, or wholly commercial content.Governance and Regulation: Government regulation through stricter data protection laws, data localization, third-party digital audits, and increased platform accountability for their content, among other measures. |
Article: 30th November, 2024
Topic: Dark Tourism
Relevance: GS Paper: 2 – Governance
Source: The Hindu
Context
- Due to the ongoing conflict, Ukraine is seeing a surge in Western tourists participating in “dark tourism.”
Dark Tourism
- It describes going to places connected to tragedy, death, pain, or odd historical occurrences.
– Cemeteries, battlegrounds, memorials, catastrophe areas, and crime scenes are some examples of these locations. - Examples of Well-Known Locations for Dark Tourism:
– Holocaust reminder: Poland’s Auschwitz Concentration Camp.
– The location of a devastating nuclear accident is Chernobyl in Ukraine.
– The 9/11 victims’ memorial is located at Ground Zero in New York.
– Japan’s Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park honors those who perished in the 1945 atomic blast.
– Jallianwala Bagh, located in Amritsar, Punjab, is a poignant monument of tenacity and selflessness. It was the scene of the horrific 1919 massacre, in which innocent people perished.
Reasons for Popularity
- Emotional Connection: Guests want to get a close-up look at the past and the feelings of people impacted by previous tragedies.
- Uniqueness and Curiosity: In contrast to conventional tourist attractions, dark tourism offers distinctive, unconventional experiences.
- Reflection on Mortality: It provides a “reality check” by encouraging reflection on life, death, and historical importance.
Social Media’s Role
- Increasing Interest: User-shared images, videos, and posts raise awareness of dark tourism destinations.
- The role of influencers: Influencers on social media use these platforms to create content, sometimes emphasizing style and personal branding over civil interaction.
- Curiosity Driven: People are drawn to dark websites on social media because of their aesthetic appeal.
Ethical considerations
- A distinctive and provocative approach to studying history and the human condition is provided by dark tourism.
- Respectful interaction is crucial, according to authorities on tourism ethics.
- These websites can offer significant emotional and educational benefits, therefore it is crucial to approach them with tact and respect.
Conclusion
- The travel industry has a complicated place for dark tourism. It enables individuals to interact meaningfully with history and face difficult realities about the past. But there are also moral dilemmas with it, particularly when it comes to social media and content production, where the desire for eye-catching photos can occasionally outweigh the seriousness of these platforms.
- It’s critical that tourists treat these locations with the deference and awareness they merit as dark tourism grows.
Also Read Topics & Concepts:
Prelims Practice Questions
Q. Which definition best captures the phenomena known as “dark tourism” in the context of tourism studies?
a. Tourism reflects historical narratives by allowing visitors to explore the places of ancient civilizations and their ruins.
b. Traveling to places and activities associated with major historical catastrophes and gloomy incidents, providing tourists with a deeper understanding of their legacy and influence.
c. Travel that ignores historical or cultural background in favor of heart-pounding thrills and extreme adventure sports.
d. Travel that prioritizes exploring current urban settings and cultural customs, frequently with an emphasis on leisure and pleasure.
Ans: b
Explanation
Dark Tourism is meant by traveling to places and activities associated with major historical catastrophes and gloomy incidents, providing tourists with a deeper understanding of their legacy and influence.
Mains Model Questions
Q. What are the main issues confronting the Indian tourism industry, and how may these issues be resolved?
| Introduction: With approximately 80 million workers (almost twice the population of New York) and 9.2% of the nation’s GDP coming from tourism, India’s economy greatly benefits from this industry. India is a popular travel destination because of its diversified environment, rich cultural heritage, and kind people. India’s tourist sector does, however, confront a number of obstacles that limit its ability to grow, despite its enormous potential. Body: Major Obstacles in India’s Tourism Industry: Airports, roadways, and public transit are only a few examples of India’s poor and frequently antiquated tourism infrastructure. Basic amenities including access to clean water, sanitary facilities, and medical care are lacking in many tourist locations.Security and Safety: Issues India has been struggling with issues related to visitor safety and security, especially for female tourists.Poor Promotion and Marketing: Efforts The absence of efficient marketing and promotion initiatives hurts India’s tourism sector.Lack of Skilled Manpower: This is another significant issue that the Indian tourism industry is dealing with. The sector needs qualified experts in a number of fields, such as travel management, hospitality, and tour guiding. Possible Remedies for the Issues India’s Tourism Industry Faces: Government Assistance: The Swadesh Darshan Scheme and the PRASAD Scheme are two of the measures the Indian government has implemented to encourage travel. – These programs seek to promote travel to particular areas of the nation and build out the infrastructure for tourism. But further action is required to address the infrastructure and safety concerns.Sustainable Tourism Practices: While protecting India’s natural and cultural legacy, sustainable tourism practices might help the country’s tourism sector overcome its current problems. – Sustainable tourism techniques can support responsible travel, preserve natural resources, and lessen the adverse effects of tourism on the environment. Conclusion: Although India’s tourist sector has a lot of promise, a number of obstacles prevent it from expanding. The industry has numerous obstacles that call for an all-encompassing strategy to overcome. To overcome the obstacles the tourism business faces, the public, stakeholders, and the government must cooperate. In order to address the issues and guarantee the long-term viability of India’s tourist sector, the prospective solutions covered in this paper—such as government assistance, PPPs, and sustainable tourism practices—can be extremely important. |
Article: 30th November, 2024
Topic: Coordinated action on skills and employment for India’s $5 trillion economy goal
Relevance: GS Paper: 3 – Economy
Source: Livemint
Context
- In its recent study “Jobs at Your Doorstep,” the World Bank emphasized how important it is for India to take a coordinated strategy to employment and skill development in order to meet its ambitious $5 trillion economic aim.
India’s Current Economic Situation
- With a GDP of almost $3.7 trillion as of 2024, India is the world’s fifth-largest economy.
- By 2027–2028, the Finance Ministry predicts that India’s GDP would reach $5 trillion, making it the world’s third largest economy.
The $5 trillion economy road plan
- Economic Changes: To foster a favorable business climate, significant reforms have been put in place, including the Goods and Services Tax (GST), the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), and lower corporation tax rates.
- Fintech and the Digital Economy: Encouraging fintech innovations and digital transactions to improve financial inclusion and efficiency.
- Infrastructure Development: The Union Budget 2023–2024 allotted ₹10 lakh crore for capital investment, or 3.3% of GDP, indicating significant expenditures in infrastructure.
- Energy Transition and Climate Action: Prioritizing sustainable development by means of climate action programs and renewable energy projects.
- Employment and Skilling: A strong labor market boosts consumer expenditure, which fuels demand and boosts the economy.
– By ensuring that the advantages of economic expansion are shared throughout all societal segments, employment lowers inequality and fosters social stability.
– Economic competitiveness is mostly driven by increased productivity and innovation, both of which are facilitated by a well-employed population.
Important Obstacles to a $5 Trillion Economy
- Fiscal Deficit: Controlling the deficit while guaranteeing sufficient public spending in vital areas.
- Employment generation is the process of producing enough jobs to accommodate the expanding labor force.
- Global Economic Uncertainties: Handling geopolitical conflicts and changes in the world economy.
- Skills Impartment: For training programs to be effective, their quality must be guaranteed. This entails having current training materials and certified instructors.
- All people, even those living in rural and isolated places, should have access to skill-building programs.
Important Government Programs to Reach a $5 Trillion Economy
- Goods and Services Tax (GST): By simplifying the indirect tax system and lowering its complexity, the GST has improved compliance.
- Capital Investment Outlay: ₹10 lakh crore, or 3.3% of GDP, was set aside for capital investment in the Union Budget 2023–2024. The goal of this significant increase in capital expenditure is to draw in private investment and accelerate the development of infrastructure.
- Through the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP), ₹111 lakh crore would be invested in infrastructure projects by 2025, encompassing areas such as urban development, highways, railways, and energy.
- The goal of Digital India is to ensure that all Indians have access to digital skills and services by promoting digital literacy and bridging the digital gap.
- India is making significant investments in renewable energy projects, with the goal of achieving 450 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.
- Climate Action: Through a number of climate action programs, such as the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), the government is dedicated to sustainable development.
- Make in India: By encouraging both domestic and international businesses to produce their goods in India, this program seeks to turn the nation into a global center for manufacturing.
- Start-up India: This initiative encourages entrepreneurship by giving new businesses financial help, regulatory assistance, and mentorship.
- PM internship program 2024: The program’s goals are to increase candidates’ employability and offer one crore internships in the first five years.
Important Recommendations
- Closing the Skills Gap: Closing the skills gap requires matching training and education to industry demands.
- It guarantees that workers have the necessary skills to satisfy industry demands.
- Technological Adaptation: In order to maintain the workforce competitive and flexible as industries change in tandem with technological breakthroughs, ongoing skill development and upskilling are required.
- Industry Cooperation: For skilling to be effective, industry and government cooperation is essential. Participation from the industry guarantees that the skills being taught match the demands of the market.
- This cooperation is made possible by programs such as the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) and Sector Skill Councils (SSCs).
Conclusion
- A $5 trillion economy is a lofty goal, but it is attainable with perseverance and careful preparation.
- The government’s emphasis on infrastructure development, the digital economy, and structural changes provides a solid basis for this objective.
Also Read Topics & Concepts:
Prelims Practice Questions
Q. Consider the following statements regarding National Infrastructure Pipeline
1. It is introduced for a ten-year term, from 2020 to 2030.
2. The business sector, state governments, and the federal government all contribute to its funding.
Which of the above statements are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: b
Explanation
In order to simplify the implementation of world-class infrastructure projects, the Government of India launched the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) for FY 2020–2025.
The economy will grow, more job opportunities will be created, and the Indian economy will become more competitive thanks to this first-of-its-kind effort.
The business sector, state governments, and the federal government all contribute to its funding.
When the NIP was first introduced, it was anticipated that 111 lakh crore ($1.5 trillion) would be invested in infrastructure between 2020 and 2025.
A significant portion of the NIP is devoted to the energy, transportation, urban infrastructure, and railroad sectors.
Mains Model Questions
Q. Consider whether it is possible for India, which has a $5 trillion GDP, to expand economically without achieving human development.
| Introduction: India has set a lofty aim to become a USD 5 trillion economy, but it may be difficult to achieve this goal without making comparable strides in human development. Human development is concerned with aspects like health, education, and quality of life, whereas economic growth is frequently gauged by metrics like GDP. Body: Economic Growth’s Difficulties Without Human Development Economic progress might only benefit a small portion of the population if human development is neglected, which would increase income inequality.Lack of focus on education can limit the supply of skilled labor and innovation, which can impede long-term economic progress.The general well-being of the populace may not improve considerably even when economic expansion may increase material riches if it is not accompanied by increases in quality of life indicators like life expectancy, literacy rates, and access to clean water and sanitation. India’s demographic dividend could turn into a liability in the absence of sufficient human development, and the 4Ds (diversity, demography, demand, and democracy) will not be fully utilized. Combining Human Development with Economic Growth: The administration has repealed more than 1,300 outdated laws in the past four years. It has eliminated many outdated practices, laws, and guidelines.Despite making up less than 5% of the planet’s surface area, cities generate more than 75% of its global GDP. Therefore, development in cities is crucial since they are centers of economic growth.India lives in an interconnected and globalized world. Similar to China, Korea, and Japan, globalization has assisted in raising sizable portions of the populace out of poverty.In the absence of gender parity, India cannot expand rapidly over the next three decades. While 48% of women worldwide are employed, only 26% of Indian women are employed. Providing subsidies and aid to farmers without providing better markets, without putting technology in place, without contract farming, etc. will create a drag on the economy. Conclusion: Achieving economic progress without human development is not only tough but also unsustainable in the long run. For all Indians to have a prosperous and just future, the country must place equal emphasis on human and economic development. |
