20th February 2025

Topic : Building Resilient Telecom Infrastructure
Relevance : GS Paper 3 Science and Technology
Source : The Hindu
Context :
Telecom networks are critical for disaster management, enabling swift communication between local, state, and national agencies. The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2019, has studied the resilience of Indian telecom networks and proposed measures to strengthen them against disasters. This document elaborates on the key challenges, risks, and solutions suggested in the CDRI report, supported by relevant data.
Why is Telecom Resilience Important?
During natural disasters such as cyclones, earthquakes, and floods, communication infrastructure is often the first to be impacted. The ability to transmit emergency alerts, coordinate rescue operations, and provide updates to affected populations depends on a resilient telecom network. Key vulnerabilities include:
• Exposure of overland cables to physical damage.
• Susceptibility of telecom towers to high wind speeds.
• Dependence on electricity, which is often disrupted during calamities.
Overland vs. Underground Cables
• Overland optical fibre cables (OFCs) are prone to snapping due to high-speed winds and falling debris.
• Underground cables are more resilient but can suffer damage due to infrastructure development and seismic activity.
Coastal Risks and Undersea Cables
• India is connected to the global internet through undersea cables that land in coastal areas such as Mumbai, Chennai, and Visakhapatnam.
• Damage to these landing stations can cause widespread internet disruptions, affecting financial transactions, emergency communications, and public services.
• Example: In 2023, an undersea cable fault near Chennai caused major internet slowdowns across India.
Power Failures
• Data from the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) suggests that power outages are the most significant contributor to telecom disruptions.
• During Cyclone Amphan (2020), over 30% of telecom towers in West Bengal went offline due to prolonged power failures.
• Backup solutions include diesel generators, battery storage, and alternative energy sources such as solar panels.
Strengthening Physical Infrastructure
• Wind-resistant towers: Designing telecom towers to withstand wind speeds exceeding 200 km/h in cyclone-prone regions.
• Elevated power backup systems: Installing diesel generators and batteries at higher elevations to prevent failure due to flooding.
• Dig-once policy: Laying underground telecom cables alongside water and gas pipelines to minimize damage from future excavations.
Power Supply Stabilization
• Enhanced battery backups: Expanding lithium-ion and lead-acid battery storage at telecom sites.
• Distributed energy solutions: Encouraging telecom operators to invest in solar and wind energy for uninterrupted power supply.
• Emergency fuel reserves: Maintaining fuel stockpiles for telecom operators during disasters. Example: Odisha provides 50 litres of diesel per telecom tower during cyclones.
Improving Coordination and Response
• Real-time monitoring: Using software tools to track damaged telecom assets and prioritize repairs.
• Parametric insurance: Implementing disaster insurance for telecom operators to reduce financial burdens and encourage rapid restoration efforts.
• Public-private collaboration: Establishing agreements between telecom firms and disaster management agencies for coordinated response efforts.
Japan’s Earthquake-Resistant Telecom Networks
• Japan’s telecom infrastructure integrates seismic-resistant designs and automated backup power switching.
• Post-2011 Tōhoku earthquake, Japan enhanced its submarine cable redundancy to prevent internet outages.
The United States’ Hurricane Preparedness
• After Hurricane Katrina (2005), the U.S. mandated reinforced telecom towers and emergency power provisions.
• The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires telecom operators to maintain a minimum of 72-hour power backup at critical sites.
India’s Early Warning System Integration
• The Indian government has integrated telecom networks with disaster warning systems, sending SMS alerts during cyclones, floods, and earthquakes.
• Example: Cyclone Phailin (2013) saw a significant reduction in casualties due to timely mobile alerts.
Key Takeaways
• Undersea cables are vital for India’s internet connectivity but are vulnerable to coastal disruptions.
• Power failures are the most common cause of telecom outages during disasters.
• Dig-once policies and wind-resistant towers can enhance telecom resilience.
• Parametric insurance can incentivize telecom operators to restore networks faster.
• Real-time monitoring and emergency fuel provisions can help maintain network uptime.
Prelims Practice Question
Q. Consider the following statements regarding telecom infrastructure resilience in India:

1. Overland optical fiber cables (OFCs) are more resilient to disasters compared to underground cables.
2. Coastal regions face higher telecom network risks due to their role in hosting undersea cable landing stations.
3. Power failures are a minor factor in telecom network disruptions during disasters.
4. The “Dig-once policy” aims to lay multiple infrastructure components, including fiber optic cables, in a coordinated manner to reduce future disruptions.
   Which of the statements given above are correct?
   (a) 1 and 3 only
   (b) 2 and 4 only
   (c) 1, 2, and 3 only
   (d) 2, 3, and 4 only
   Answer:
   Correct Option: (b) 2 and 4 only
   Explanation:
   • Statement 1 is incorrect: Overland optical fiber cables are more vulnerable to disasters such as high winds, falling debris, and accidents, while underground cables are more resilient.
   • Statement 2 is correct: Coastal regions are critical for telecom infrastructure as they host undersea cable landing stations, which connect India to the global internet. Damage to these stations can cause major disruptions.
   • Statement 3 is incorrect: Power failures are the most significant cause of telecom outages during disasters, as identified in the CDRI report.
   • Statement 4 is correct: The “Dig-once policy” is designed to coordinate the installation of multiple underground infrastructure components (e.g., water, gas, telecom) at the same time to reduce disruptions.
   Mains Model Question
   Q. Discuss the key vulnerabilities of India’s telecom infrastructure during disasters and evaluate the measures recommended by the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) to enhance its resilience. (Answer in 300 words)

Telecom infrastructure is crucial during disasters, enabling swift communication between authorities and the public. However, India’s telecom networks face significant vulnerabilities, particularly in disaster-prone regions. The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) has proposed various measures to strengthen this infrastructure.
Key Vulnerabilities

1. Damage to Overland Cables – Optical fiber cables (OFCs) laid overland are susceptible to damage due to high winds, falling trees, and debris during cyclones and storms.
2. Coastal Risks – Undersea cables, which connect India to the global internet, are vulnerable at landing stations. Damage can lead to widespread network disruptions.
3. Power Failures – The biggest challenge during disasters is the disruption of electricity, affecting telecom towers and network operations.
4. Structural Weakness of Towers – Many telecom towers are not designed to withstand high wind speeds in cyclone-prone regions, leading to service outages.
   CDRI’s Recommended Measures
5. Strengthening Infrastructure – Ensuring telecom towers are wind-resistant and cables are laid underground where feasible.
6. Improving Power Supply – Expanding battery storage, using renewable energy sources, and providing emergency fuel reserves.
7. Dig-Once Policy – Coordinating underground infrastructure deployment to minimize future damage.
8. Real-Time Monitoring – Implementing software solutions to track telecom asset damage and speed up recovery efforts.
9. Parametric Insurance – Encouraging financial risk-sharing mechanisms to incentivize rapid restoration of services.
   Conclusion
   Enhancing telecom resilience requires a mix of robust engineering, alternative power solutions, and coordinated disaster response. Implementing CDRI’s recommendations can significantly reduce network disruptions, ensuring critical communication remains operational during disasters.

Topic : International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)
Relevance : GS Paper 3 Science and Technology
Source : Indian Express
Context :
Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently visited the ITER facility in Cadarache, France, along with French President Emmanuel Macron. They were received by the director-general of the facility and lauded the progress in assembling the world’s largest tokamak. The visit underscored India’s commitment to global scientific collaboration and advancements in nuclear fusion technology.
What is ITER?
ITER is a global collaborative research project aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of nuclear fusion as a large-scale and carbon-free energy source. It is expected to be the largest fusion experiment in the world.
• The name ITER means “The Way” in Latin, symbolizing a path to future energy.
• It will generate energy by fusing hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) to produce helium and release vast amounts of energy.
• Unlike nuclear fission (used in conventional nuclear power plants), fusion does not produce long-lived radioactive waste and is safer.
• The ITER tokamak will be the world’s largest and most powerful device of its kind.
Who are the Participants?
A total of 33 nations are working on the ITER project. The seven primary members financing and building ITER include:

1. European Union (EU) – Largest Contributor (45%)
2. India
3. China
4. United States
5. Russia
6. Japan
7. South Korea
   Other nations provide support through indirect collaborations.
   Timeline and Construction Status
   • 1985: The idea for ITER was first proposed during a U.S.-Soviet summit.
   • 2005: France was selected as the site for ITER construction.
   • 2020: The assembly of the ITER tokamak began.
   • 2039: Expected to begin deuterium-tritium fusion reactions, producing 500 MW of fusion power.
   • ITER is currently under construction in Cadarache, Southern France.
   Nuclear Fusion :
   Fusion is the same energy process that powers the Sun and stars. It involves combining light atomic nuclei (hydrogen isotopes) into a heavier nucleus (helium) while releasing enormous amounts of energy.
   • Unlike fission, where large atoms like uranium split apart, fusion is cleaner, safer, and produces significantly more energy per unit of fuel.
   • Advantages of Fusion:
   o No carbon emissions → Helps combat climate change.
   o Abundant fuel → Deuterium is available in seawater; tritium can be bred from lithium.
   o Inherently safe → No chain reactions or meltdown risks.
   o Minimal radioactive waste → Unlike fission, fusion does not produce long-lived nuclear waste.
   Key Features of ITER
   ITER aims to be a proof-of-concept reactor for future fusion power plants. It will test key technologies, materials, and designs needed for commercial fusion reactors.
   • ITER will NOT generate electricity but will demonstrate sustained fusion reactions and develop essential fusion technologies.
   • If successful, ITER will pave the way for future fusion power plants, which can replace fossil fuels and conventional nuclear fission reactors.
   India’s Role in ITER
   India has been an active member of ITER since 2005, contributing technical expertise and industrial support.
   • Key Indian organizations involved:
   o Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gujarat → India’s nodal agency for ITER.
   o L&T, Inox India, TCS, HCL Technologies, Tata Consulting Engineers (TCE) → Major private players supporting ITER.
   • Indian scientists and engineers (200+) have contributed to building crucial components like the Cryostat (the world’s largest vacuum vessel).
   Significance of PM Modi’s Visit to ITER
   • Modi is the first Head of Government to visit ITER, signifying India’s commitment to global scientific collaboration.
   • Strengthens Indo-French scientific and technological cooperation.
   • Highlights India’s role in cutting-edge scientific research on clean energy.
   The Tokamak: Heart of ITER
   A tokamak is a toroidal (doughnut-shaped) magnetic confinement device designed to hold superheated plasma for fusion reactions.
   • Plasma (ionized gas) is heated to 150 million °C—10 times hotter than the Sun’s core.
   • Strong magnetic fields (produced by superconducting magnets) keep the plasma from touching the walls of the reactor.
   • The heat energy from the plasma can be converted into steam, which drives turbines to generate electricity (in future commercial reactors).
   Historical Background of the Tokamak
   • 1950s: Developed by Soviet physicists Andrei Sakharov and Igor Tamm.
   • Today, tokamaks are the most promising approach for achieving controlled nuclear fusion.
   • ITER will be twice the size of existing tokamaks and six times the plasma volume of the largest current tokamak.
   Significance of the ITER Project
   Fusion energy has the potential to solve the global energy crisis by providing a clean, sustainable, and virtually limitless power source.
   • Energy Efficiency: 1 gram of fusion fuel releases energy equivalent to 11 tons of coal.
   • Climate Change Mitigation: Produces zero carbon emissions and does not contribute to global warming.
   • Fuel Abundance: Deuterium is abundant in seawater (1 in 6,500 hydrogen atoms in seawater is deuterium).
   • Safety: No nuclear meltdown risk, unlike fission reactors.
   Prelims Practice Question
   Q. Consider the following statements regarding the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER):
8. ITER is a nuclear fission reactor that aims to generate electricity using uranium fuel.
9. The project is a collaboration between seven members, including India, China, and the European Union.
10. ITER will be the first commercial fusion power plant producing electricity.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (A) 1 and 2 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) 1 and 3 only
    (D) 2 and 3 only
    Answer:
    Correct Option: (B) 2 only
    Explanation:
    • Statement 1 is incorrect → ITER is a nuclear fusion reactor, not a fission reactor. It does not use uranium fuel; instead, it uses deuterium and tritium to create energy.
    • Statement 2 is correct → ITER is a collaborative project involving seven key members: India, China, European Union, United States, Russia, Japan, and South Korea.
    • Statement 3 is incorrect → ITER is an experimental reactor designed to test the feasibility of fusion energy. It will not generate electricity but will help develop technology for future commercial fusion power plants.
    Mains Model Question
    Q. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is considered a major step toward achieving sustainable and clean energy. Discuss the significance of ITER in the global energy landscape and highlight India’s contributions to the project. (300 words)
    The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is a multinational research initiative aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of nuclear fusion as a sustainable and carbon-free energy source. It is being constructed in Cadarache, France, with the collaboration of seven key members, including India.
    Significance of ITER in the Global Energy Landscape
    Clean Energy Source – Fusion reactions produce zero greenhouse gas emissions, making it a viable alternative to fossil fuels.
    Abundant Fuel Supply – Unlike uranium or coal, fusion fuel (deuterium and tritium) is derived from seawater and lithium, ensuring long-term energy security.
    High Energy Output – Fusion reactions generate immense energy, with 1 gram of fusion fuel yielding energy equivalent to 11 tons of coal.
    Safety Advantages – Unlike fission reactors, fusion does not produce long-lived radioactive waste and has no risk of catastrophic meltdowns.
    Technological Advancements – ITER will help develop magnetic confinement technology (tokamak reactors), paving the way for future commercial fusion power plants.
    India’s Contributions to ITER
    Scientific Expertise – India has been a key member since 2005, contributing engineering and research expertise.
    Manufacturing Components – Indian industries like L&T, Inox India, and TCS have provided superconducting magnets, cryostat, and cooling systems.
    Human Resource Development – Over 200 Indian scientists and engineers are involved in the project.
    Global Scientific Diplomacy – India’s participation strengthens its global leadership in high-tech energy research.
    Conclusion
    ITER represents a breakthrough in clean energy solutions, and India’s active participation highlights its commitment to scientific innovation and global energy security. If successful, fusion energy could revolutionize the world’s power supply, ensuring a sustainable and carbon-neutral future.

Topic : Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
Relevance : GS Paper 2 Polity and Governance
Source : Indian Express
Context :
The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) is a proposed set of laws that aims to replace personal laws based on religion with a common civil law governing marriage, divorce, adoption, inheritance, and maintenance for all citizens of India, irrespective of their religion. It is rooted in Article 44 of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), which encourages the State to work towards a uniform set of civil laws. While not legally enforceable, it reflects the constitutional vision of equality and national integration.
At present, personal laws in India are governed by religious customs and scriptures. Hindus follow the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and Hindu Succession Act, 1956, while Muslims adhere to the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937. Christians and Parsis also have separate legal provisions for civil matters. The UCC aims to unify these laws into a single, secular framework applicable to all citizens.
Arguments in Favor of UCC
One of the strongest arguments for UCC is that it promotes gender justice and equality. Personal laws, especially those governing marriage and inheritance, often discriminate against women. For example, under traditional Islamic law, a Muslim woman inherits less than her male counterpart. Similarly, polygamy is permitted in Islamic law but not in other personal laws. A UCC would ensure equal rights for men and women across all communities.
Another major benefit of UCC is its potential to strengthen national integration and secularism. A uniform legal framework would remove divisions based on religious identity and promote a sense of unity. It would also reduce legal complexity, as India currently has multiple overlapping legal systems, leading to confusion and delays in judicial proceedings.
UCC is also seen as an important step towards modernization and progressive reforms. Many countries, including France and Turkey, have already implemented uniform civil laws to ensure that legal rights are determined by citizenship rather than religious affiliation. Adopting UCC would align India with international human rights standards and foster a progressive legal environment.
Concerns and Challenges in Implementing UCC
One of the biggest concerns surrounding UCC is religious and cultural sensitivity. India is a diverse country with deeply rooted traditions, and many religious communities fear that UCC may infringe on their religious rights. Article 25 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to freely practice religion, and some argue that a UCC could violate this fundamental right.
There is also significant political resistance and lack of consensus on UCC. Various religious groups, particularly Muslim organizations, view UCC as an attempt to impose majority norms on minority communities. The issue has often been politicized, making it difficult to achieve a balanced approach that respects both constitutional equality and religious freedom.
Another challenge is exemptions for tribal communities. Many indigenous tribes in India follow unique customs that are distinct from mainstream religious laws. If UCC is implemented, there will be questions on whether these groups should be included or given separate legal recognition.
Additionally, legal complexity and lack of clarity pose major hurdles. India has a long history of pluralistic laws, and merging all personal laws into one comprehensive legal framework would require careful drafting and deliberation. The Supreme Court has, on multiple occasions, advocated for gradual reforms instead of abrupt changes.
Current Status of UCC in India
The only state in India that currently follows a form of UCC is Goa, which has been following the Portuguese Civil Code, 1867, even after independence. This law applies equally to all residents of Goa, regardless of religion, in matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance.
In 2024, Uttarakhand became the first Indian state to pass a UCC law, setting a precedent for other states. The law provides for uniform regulations on marriage, divorce, inheritance, live-in relationships, and adoption. However, Scheduled Tribes have been exempted from its provisions.
Following this, states like Gujarat, Assam, and Madhya Pradesh have set up committees to explore the feasibility of implementing UCC within their jurisdictions. The central government has also indicated its intent to bring a nationwide UCC, but it remains a subject of debate and discussion.
Prelims Practice Question
Q. With reference to the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in India, consider the following statements:

1. UCC is mentioned under Article 44 of the Indian Constitution as part of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).
2. The implementation of UCC would ensure uniform laws for marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption across all religions.
3. The Supreme Court of India has, on multiple occasions, recommended the gradual implementation of UCC.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
   (A) 1 and 2 only
   (B) 1 and 3 only
   (C) 2 and 3 only
   (D) 1, 2, and 3
   Answer:
   Correct Option: (D) 1, 2, and 3
   Explanation:
   • Statement 1 is correct → The UCC is mentioned under Article 44 of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), which guides the state to work towards a uniform civil law for all citizens.
   • Statement 2 is correct → If implemented, the UCC would replace personal laws based on religion with a common set of civil laws governing marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption.
   • Statement 3 is correct → The Supreme Court of India has, in various judgments (such as the Shah Bano case, 1985, and Sarla Mudgal case, 1995), suggested the gradual implementation of UCC to ensure legal uniformity and gender justice.
   Mains Model Question
   Q. The implementation of a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in India is often seen as a step towards ensuring equality and national integration. However, it also faces significant challenges. Discuss the benefits and concerns associated with UCC in India. (Answer in 250–300 words)
   The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) aims to replace personal laws based on religion with a common set of civil laws for all citizens in matters like marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption. It is mentioned under Article 44 of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), emphasizing the state’s role in securing a uniform civil framework.
   Benefits of UCC
4. Gender Equality – Personal laws often discriminate against women in matters of inheritance, marriage, and divorce. UCC would ensure equal rights for both men and women.
5. National Integration – A common civil code would promote unity by eliminating legal divisions based on religion. It would strengthen India’s secular character.
6. Simplification of Laws – Currently, multiple personal laws create legal complexities and contradictions. UCC would establish a single, easily interpretable legal framework.
7. Modernization and Progress – Many countries follow uniform civil laws. UCC would align India with global human rights standards.
8. Judicial Efficiency – A unified legal system would reduce litigation arising from conflicts in personal laws and ensure faster justice delivery.
   Challenges and Concerns
9. Religious Sensitivities – UCC is perceived as an infringement on religious freedom (Article 25), leading to resistance from various communities.
10. Cultural Diversity – India has diverse customs; a single law may not accommodate regional and tribal traditions.
11. Political Opposition – UCC remains a contentious issue, often leading to communal and political tensions.
12. Implementation Hurdles – Drafting an inclusive and acceptable UCC requires extensive consultations and legal expertise.
    Conclusion
    While UCC ensures equality and legal uniformity, its implementation requires gradual reforms, public consensus, and sensitivity toward India’s pluralistic society. A phased approach focusing on gender justice and voluntary adoption could pave the way for a balanced UCC framework.

Topic : India-Afghanistan Trade and Strategic Relations
Relevance : GS Paper 2 International Relations
Source : The Hindu
Context :
India’s relationship with Afghanistan has been shaped by deep historical, cultural, and economic ties. The return of the Taliban in 2021 brought a shift in dynamics, affecting trade patterns and diplomatic engagements. Despite political uncertainties, trade between the two nations continues, with Afghanistan becoming a key supplier of dry fruits, while Indian exports face challenges. Alongside economic engagement, India remains invested in Afghanistan’s stability through developmental projects, humanitarian aid, and strategic initiatives.
Economic Engagement and Trade Shifts
• Trade Disruptions Post-Taliban Takeover
The return of the Taliban in August 2021 led to a sharp decline in India’s exports to Afghanistan, reaching a 16-year low. Meanwhile, imports from Afghanistan rose to a record high of $642.29 million in 2023-24.
• Major Imports and Exports
o India mainly imports dry fruits, figs, asafoetida, apples, raisins, saffron, and walnuts.
o Exports to Afghanistan primarily include medicines, vaccines, soybean meal, and garments.
o Afghanistan has now emerged as a major apple supplier to India, surpassing traditional sources like the US and Italy.
• Trade Deficit and Future Prospects
o India traditionally had a trade surplus with Afghanistan, but post-2021, this balance shifted. The trade deficit in 2023-24 stood at $286.84 million.
o India is exploring alternative trade routes like Chabahar Port in Iran to maintain economic ties without relying on Pakistan’s transit routes.
Diplomatic and Strategic Relations
• High-Level Engagements with the Taliban
o India recently held its highest-level diplomatic contact with the Taliban as Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri met Afghan Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi.
o Talks focused on expanding trade, connectivity, and leveraging Chabahar Port for smoother transit.
• Historical Contributions and Developmental Assistance
o India has been a major investor in Afghanistan’s infrastructure, contributing to projects like the Salma Dam, Afghan Parliament, Zaranj-Delaram Highway, and schools & hospitals.
o Before the Taliban’s return, India had provided nearly $3 billion in aid to Afghanistan for nation-building efforts.
Humanitarian Assistance and Soft Power
• Continued Humanitarian Support
o India has maintained a people-centric approach by providing food aid, medical supplies, and essential commodities to Afghanistan, even after the Taliban’s takeover.
o Humanitarian assistance is not counted in official trade figures, yet it remains a crucial part of India’s engagement.
• Cultural and Educational Ties
o Thousands of Afghan students study in India under various scholarship programs.
o Bollywood and Indian TV serials enjoy immense popularity in Afghanistan, strengthening cultural bonds.
Geopolitical Considerations and Regional Stability
• Countering Terrorism and Extremism
o India remains cautious about Afghanistan becoming a safe haven for terror groups like Al-Qaeda and ISIS-K.
o Stable trade and diplomatic engagement help in preventing Afghanistan’s economic collapse, which could lead to increased extremism in the region.
• Balancing China’s Influence in Central Asia
o With China deepening its economic footprint in Afghanistan through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), India is looking to strengthen its position via Chabahar Port and other connectivity projects.
o India’s engagement in Afghanistan is also part of a larger regional strategy to maintain influence in South and Central Asia.
The Road Ahead
• Gradual Resumption of Trade and Diplomatic Ties
o With visas for Afghan businessmen unfrozen, bilateral trade is expected to improve incrementally.
o Resuming full-fledged trade to pre-2021 levels will take time, but efforts are underway to facilitate smoother exchanges.
• Strengthening Economic and Humanitarian Commitments
o While political recognition of the Taliban is unlikely in the near future, India will continue engaging pragmatically through trade, aid, and people-to-people ties.
o A balanced approach focusing on regional connectivity, humanitarian aid, and cautious economic cooperation will define the next phase of India-Afghanistan relations.
Prelims Practice Question
Q. Consider the following statements regarding India-Afghanistan trade relations:

1. India has always maintained a trade surplus with Afghanistan.
2. The Chabahar Port in Iran is being explored as an alternative trade route between India and Afghanistan.
3. Dry fruits, figs, and apples are some of the major commodities imported by India from Afghanistan.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
   (a) 1 and 2 only
   (b) 2 and 3 only
   (c) 1 and 3 only
   (d) 1, 2, and 3
   Answer:
   Correct Option: (b) 2 and 3 only
   Explanation:
   • Statement 1 is incorrect: While India traditionally had a trade surplus with Afghanistan, this changed post-Taliban takeover in 2021. In 2023-24, India recorded a trade deficit with Afghanistan for the first time since 2000-01, with imports surpassing exports.
   • Statement 2 is correct: India is actively exploring Chabahar Port in Iran as an alternative trade route to bypass Pakistan’s Karachi and Gwadar ports for better trade connectivity with Afghanistan.
   • Statement 3 is correct: India imports significant quantities of dry fruits, figs, apples, asafoetida, saffron, and walnuts from Afghanistan, making these key commodities in bilateral trade.
   Mains Model Question
   Q. Analyze the impact of the Taliban’s return to power on India-Afghanistan trade relations. How does this shift affect India’s economic and strategic interests, and what measures can India take to navigate these challenges?
   India’s trade relations with Afghanistan have undergone a fundamental shift since the Taliban’s return to power in August 2021. Before the takeover, India maintained a trade surplus, but in 2023-24, a record trade deficit emerged as exports fell to a 16-year low while imports surged to $642.29 million. Key imports from Afghanistan now include dry fruits, figs, apples, saffron, and asafoetida, while Indian exports, mainly pharmaceuticals, garments, and soybean meal, have declined due to political instability and logistical challenges.
   The lack of formal diplomatic recognition of the Taliban regime has created hurdles in establishing structured trade agreements. Logistical constraints, primarily Pakistan’s control over land routes, have further limited India’s export potential. Security concerns also persist, making Indian investments in Afghanistan vulnerable. Additionally, financial transactions remain restricted due to the absence of formal banking channels, complicating trade settlements.
   Despite these challenges, India sees economic engagement with Afghanistan as an opportunity to strengthen its regional influence. The development of Iran’s Chabahar Port offers an alternative trade route, reducing dependence on Pakistan. Humanitarian aid, including food, vaccines, and medical supplies, has helped India maintain goodwill among Afghans, reinforcing its soft power. Expanding trade corridors, particularly through air freight, can also provide alternative trade channels.
   India’s economic engagement with Afghanistan is crucial not just for trade but for its broader strategic interests in the region. By leveraging infrastructure projects, diplomatic outreach, and regional connectivity initiatives, India can navigate challenges while ensuring its continued presence in Afghanistan’s economic landscape.

Topic : Ensuring Privacy and Human Rights in the Digital Era
Relevance : GS Paper 2 Polity and Governance
Source : Indian Express
Context :
The rapid growth of digital technology has reshaped global interactions, but it has also raised significant concerns about privacy and data security. As personal and financial data becomes increasingly digitized, individuals face risks from data breaches, surveillance, and unethical corporate data practices. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India recently held an open discussion on “Ensuring Privacy and Human Rights in the Digital Era: A Focus on Corporate Digital Responsibility.” This discussion highlighted key challenges, corporate responsibilities, legal frameworks, and India’s efforts to safeguard privacy as a fundamental right.
Privacy as a Fundamental Right in India
• Judicial Recognition:
o The Supreme Court of India, in the K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) case, declared privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) of the Constitution.
o The judgment emphasized that any restriction on privacy must be based on legality, necessity, and proportionality.
• Constitutional Provisions:
o Article 21: Protects personal liberty, which includes privacy.
o Article 19(1)(a): Guarantees freedom of speech, which is linked to online privacy.
o Article 14: Ensures equality, preventing discrimination based on data profiling.
• Legal Protections:
o Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000: India’s first law addressing cybercrime and digital privacy.
o Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA), 2023: Establishes regulations for collecting, storing, and processing personal data.
Growing Cyber Threats and Data Breaches
• India experiences frequent cyberattacks, with major data leaks affecting government, banking, and healthcare sectors.
• The lack of robust cybersecurity infrastructure in small businesses and government agencies makes them vulnerable to hacking.
Digital Literacy Gap
• Many individuals, especially in rural areas, lack awareness of privacy risks, leading to fraud, phishing attacks, and financial scams.
• NHRC discussions emphasized the need for digital education to help users protect personal data.
Cross-Border Data Storage and National Security Concerns
• Many global tech companies store Indian user data in foreign locations, making law enforcement access difficult.
• Regulatory gaps exist in ensuring data sovereignty while maintaining international trade and business competitiveness.
Monetization of Personal Data by Corporations
• Tech giants profit from user data without transparent consent mechanisms.
• The use of AI-driven data profiling can lead to discrimination, privacy invasion, and security risks.
Corporate Digital Responsibility: The Role of Businesses in Data Protection
With corporations playing a major role in digital operations, they must adopt ethical data practices and comply with privacy laws. NHRC discussions highlighted several responsibilities:
Strengthening User Consent Mechanisms
• Users often have no choice but to share personal data to access digital services.
• Companies must simplify consent frameworks to ensure informed decision-making.
Data Security and Breach Accountability
• NHRC emphasized that businesses and third-party data processors must be held accountable for breaches.
• Clear penalties should be imposed for mishandling personal data.
Privacy-by-Design Approach
• Companies should integrate privacy into digital infrastructure from the start rather than addressing issues after violations occur.
Regulatory Compliance and Global Best Practices
• General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the EU serves as a model for India’s evolving Data Protection Board.
• The Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 propose stricter penalties for companies violating privacy norms.
Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA), 2023
• Establishes comprehensive data protection guidelines for businesses and individuals.
• Introduces strict penalties for data breaches, including fines up to ₹500 crores for non-compliance.
• Mandates that companies seek user consent before collecting or processing personal data.
IT Act, 2000 (Amended in 2008)
• Regulates cybercrime, electronic governance, and data security.
• Provides legal provisions for punishing hacking, identity theft, and phishing attacks.
Data Localization Requirements
• Reserve Bank of India (RBI) mandates that financial data of Indian users must be stored within India.
• Government exploring cloud storage solutions to reduce dependency on foreign data centers.
Sector-Specific Privacy Policies
• Telecom, banking, and e-commerce sectors have separate data protection policies to ensure compliance with privacy laws.
NHRC Recommendations for Strengthening Privacy Protection
During the NHRC discussions, key recommendations emerged for improving India’s privacy framework:
• Simplifying User Agreements:
o Companies should create clear, easy-to-understand privacy policies instead of lengthy, complex legal documents.
• Strengthening Data Breach Accountability:
o Third-party research institutions and businesses handling sensitive data must be held responsible for breaches.
• Enhancing Consumer Awareness:
o Digital privacy literacy programs should be launched to educate citizens on protecting their data.
• Developing a Localized Privacy Regulation Framework:
o Policies should balance consumer rights, business needs, and India-specific challenges.
• Bilateral Agreements for Cross-Border Data Security:
o India must negotiate international agreements to protect user data stored abroad.
• Stronger Parental Consent Mechanisms for Minors:
o Guidelines should mandate verifiable parental consent before minors share personal data.
Prelims Practice Question
Consider the following statements regarding the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDPA):

1. It mandates that personal data of Indian citizens must be stored exclusively within India.
2. It introduces penalties for data breaches and non-compliance by data fiduciaries.
3. The Act provides users with the right to access, correct, and erase their personal data.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
   a) 1 and 2 only
   b) 2 and 3 only
   c) 1 and 3 only
   d) 1, 2, and 3
   Answer:
   b) 2 and 3 only
   Explanation:
   • Statement 1 is incorrect: The DPDPA, 2023 does not mandate strict data localization but allows the government to notify countries where Indian personal data can be transferred.
   • Statement 2 is correct: The Act introduces strict penalties for non-compliance, including fines up to ₹500 crores for data breaches.
   • Statement 3 is correct: It provides users with rights to access, correct, and erase their personal data, enhancing consumer control over personal information.
   Mains Model Question
   The right to privacy has become a critical concern in the digital era, especially with the rise of data-driven economies. Discuss the key challenges in ensuring digital privacy in India and evaluate the effectiveness of government initiatives such as the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.
   Privacy in the digital era has emerged as a fundamental right, as affirmed in the Puttaswamy judgment (2017), which recognized the right to privacy under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. However, ensuring digital privacy in India faces multiple challenges.
   Challenges in Digital Privacy
   One major issue is unauthorized data collection by tech companies, which often occurs without clear user consent. Data breaches and cyber threats have increased, with personal data frequently compromised. The lack of awareness and digital literacy further exacerbates risks, as many users do not understand privacy policies. Cross-border data transfers create regulatory gaps, as many tech companies store data outside India, limiting enforcement. Additionally, the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data analytics raises ethical concerns over data profiling and surveillance.
   Government Initiatives and DPDPA, 2023
   The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDPA) is a landmark effort to address these concerns. It introduces strict penalties for data breaches, mandates informed user consent, and grants individuals rights to access, correct, and erase personal data. However, it does not impose strict data localization, allowing cross-border transfers with government oversight. The Data Protection Board has been introduced to handle grievances, but concerns remain about government exemptions, which could weaken privacy protections.
   While the DPDPA, 2023 is a step forward, effective implementation, public awareness, and balancing national security with privacy rights will determine its success in safeguarding digital privacy in India.