14th February 2025

Topic : National Broadband Mission (NBM)
Relevance : GS Paper 3 Science and Technology
Source : Hindustan Times
Context :
The National Broadband Mission (NBM), launched by the Government of India, aims to provide universal and equitable broadband access across the country, with a particular focus on rural and remote areas. The mission seeks to bridge the digital divide, ensuring that all citizens can benefit from the opportunities offered by the digital economy.
Key Objectives of the National Broadband Mission:

1. Broadband Access to All Villages: The mission aims to provide broadband connectivity to all villages by 2022, ensuring that rural areas are not left behind in the digital revolution.
2. Facilitate Universal and Equitable Access: Ensuring that all citizens, regardless of their geographical location, have access to affordable broadband services.
3. Development of Robust Digital Communication Infrastructure: Building a strong and resilient digital infrastructure to support the increasing demand for data services.
4. Improve Quality of Services: Enhancing the quality of broadband services to ensure a consistent and reliable user experience.
5. Promote Digital Inclusion: Encouraging the adoption of digital services across various sectors, including education, healthcare, and agriculture, to improve the quality of life for all citizens.
   Progress and Initiatives:
6. BharatNet Project: A cornerstone of the NBM, the BharatNet project aims to connect all Gram Panchayats (GPs) in the country with high-speed broadband. As of June 2022, 1,77,550 GPs have been made service-ready under this initiative. The scope of BharatNet was extended on June 30, 2021, to cover all inhabited villages beyond the GPs, with a project timeline extending up to 2025.
7. Gati Shakti Sanchar Portal: Launched on May 14, 2022, this portal streamlines the Right of Way (RoW) permissions, expediting the laying of Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) and the installation of telecom towers. This initiative has significantly reduced the approval time for infrastructure deployment.
8. Telecommunications Act 2023 and RoW Rules 2024: Effective from January 1, 2025, these regulations have introduced uniform RoW charges across the nation, further accelerating the deployment of telecom infrastructure.
9. Satellite Broadband Promotion: To address the challenges of connectivity in remote and difficult terrains, the mission is promoting satellite broadband services, ensuring effective and competitive connectivity solutions in these areas.
10. Collaboration with the Ministry of Power: By leveraging the Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) from the power sector, the mission aims to enhance connectivity in hilly and remote regions, ensuring a more resilient infrastructure.
11. Submarine Optical Fiber Cables: To improve connectivity to island regions, submarine optical fiber cables have been laid between Chennai and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands (2,312 km) and between Kochi and Lakshadweep (1,869 km), facilitating faster rollout of 4G/5G services in these areas.
12. Mapping Telecom Assets: Various telecom assets have been mapped on the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan platform, which includes over 1,600 layers from different ministries and departments. This comprehensive mapping aids in the effective planning and implementation of additional BharatNet projects.
    Funding and Support:
    The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) is ensuring stable broadband connectivity in rural areas with funding from the Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN). This fund supports various initiatives aimed at expanding and enhancing broadband infrastructure across the country.
    Future Outlook:
    The National Broadband Mission 2.0, set to commence on April 1, 2025, aims to build upon the achievements of the initial phase. With a continued focus on bridging the digital divide, the mission plans to implement innovative solutions and foster collaborations to ensure that every citizen has access to reliable and high-speed broadband connectivity.
    Through these concerted efforts, the Government of India is steadfast in its commitment to creating a digitally inclusive society, empowering citizens, and fostering economic growth through enhanced connectivity.
    Prelims Practice Question:
    With reference to the National Broadband Mission (NBM), consider the following statements:
13. The National Broadband Mission 2.0 is set to launch on April 1, 2025, to improve broadband connectivity in remote and difficult areas.
14. The BharatNet Project aims to provide broadband connectivity to all urban areas in India.
15. The Gati Shakti Sanchar Portal, launched in 2022, aims to streamline Right of Way (RoW) permissions for Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) and telecom tower installations.
16. Submarine optical fiber cables have been laid between Chennai and Lakshadweep to enhance 4G/5G services in island regions.
    Which of the above statements is/are correct?
    (A) 1 and 2 only
    (B) 1, 3, and 4 only
    (C) 2 and 4 only
    (D) 1, 2, 3, and 4
    Answer:
    Correct Option: (B) 1, 3, and 4 only
    Explanation:
    • Statement 1 is correct: The National Broadband Mission 2.0 will start on April 1, 2025, with a focus on improving broadband connectivity in remote and difficult areas.
    • Statement 2 is incorrect: The BharatNet Project aims to provide broadband connectivity to all rural areas and Gram Panchayats (GPs), not urban areas.
    • Statement 3 is correct: The Gati Shakti Sanchar Portal, launched in May 2022, is designed to streamline Right of Way (RoW) permissions for Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) and telecom tower installations, reducing approval time.
    • Statement 4 is correct: Submarine optical fiber cables have been laid between Chennai and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (2312 km) and between Kochi and Lakshadweep (1869 km) to facilitate high-speed broadband and 4G/5G rollout in island regions.
    Thus, the correct answer is (B) 1, 3, and 4 only.
    Mains Model Question
    Q. The National Broadband Mission (NBM) aims to bridge the digital divide and promote inclusive development in India. Discuss the key initiatives under NBM and analyze the challenges in achieving universal broadband connectivity in rural and remote areas.
    The National Broadband Mission (NBM), launched by the Government of India, seeks to provide universal and affordable broadband access, particularly in rural and remote areas. The mission is essential for digital inclusion, economic growth, and governance efficiency.
    Key Initiatives under NBM:
17. BharatNet Project: Aims to connect all Gram Panchayats (GPs) and villages with high-speed broadband. As of January 2025, 2.14 lakh GPs are service-ready.
18. Gati Shakti Sanchar Portal: Launched in May 2022, it streamlines Right of Way (RoW) permissions for faster Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) laying and telecom infrastructure development.
19. Telecommunications Act 2023 & RoW Rules 2024: Effective from January 2025, these ensure uniform RoW charges nationwide, reducing delays in broadband deployment.
20. Satellite Broadband Promotion: Supports connectivity in remote and difficult terrains through satellite-based internet.
21. Submarine Optical Fiber Cables: Established between Chennai–Andaman & Nicobar (2312 km) and Kochi–Lakshadweep (1869 km) to boost broadband and 4G/5G rollout.
    Challenges in Achieving Universal Broadband Connectivity:
    • Infrastructure Gaps: Remote and hilly regions lack basic telecom infrastructure.
    • High Deployment Costs: Laying fiber optics and setting up towers in difficult terrain is expensive.
    • Policy & Regulatory Delays: Despite RoW reforms, bureaucratic hurdles persist at state levels.
    • Low Digital Literacy: Many rural populations lack awareness and skills to use digital services effectively.
    • Affordability Issues: High costs of devices and internet plans hinder widespread adoption.
    Conclusion
    NBM 2.0 (starting April 2025) aims to address these challenges through public-private partnerships, innovative technologies, and efficient policy execution. Strengthening last-mile connectivity is crucial for realizing the vision of Digital India.

Topic : Deep Ocean Mission (DOM)
Relevance : GS paper 3 Science and Technology
Source : The Hindu
Context :
The Deep Ocean Mission (DOM), initiated by India’s Ministry of Earth Sciences, represents a significant stride in the nation’s endeavor to explore and harness oceanic resources. A pivotal component of this mission is the development of the manned submersible, Matsya 6000, designed to transport a three-member crew to depths of up to 6,000 meters for comprehensive oceanic studies.
Matsya 6000: Technical Specifications and Capabilities
The Matsya 6000 is engineered with a 2.1-meter internal diameter personnel sphere crafted from 80mm-thick titanium alloy, enabling it to withstand the extreme pressures encountered at 6,000 meters below sea level. The submersible is designed for continuous operation of up to 12 hours, with an emergency endurance capacity extending to 96 hours, ensuring crew safety during unforeseen circumstances.
Key features of the submersible include:
• Buoyancy Management System: Facilitates controlled descent and ascent.
• Power and Control Systems: Ensure reliable operation of all onboard equipment.
• Maneuvering Propellers: Allow precise navigation and positioning.
• Subsea Intervention Manipulators: Enable interaction with the marine environment for sample collection and other tasks.
• Advanced Navigation and Communication Systems: Provide accurate positioning and maintain communication with surface support vessels.
Development Timeline and Collaborations
The development of Matsya 6000 is a collaborative effort, with the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai, spearheading the project in partnership with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), which is contributing to the integration of the titanium alloy personnel sphere. The submersible is anticipated to be operational by 2026, following a series of rigorous tests, including:
• October 2024: Initial submerged trials at a depth of 15 meters in Chennai harbor.
• 2025: Shallow water testing to evaluate performance and safety.
• 2026: Unmanned deep-sea trials to validate operational capabilities at target depths.
Objectives and Significance
The primary aim of Matsya 6000 is to facilitate in-depth exploration of deep-sea ecosystems, including assessments of biodiversity and surveys of mineral resources. This endeavor aligns with India’s commitment to the Blue Economy, promoting sustainable utilization of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and job creation. The mission also emphasizes adherence to international guidelines governing deep-sea activities, ensuring environmental stewardship.
Beyond its scientific and economic objectives, the development of Matsya 6000 is expected to yield significant advancements in underwater engineering, foster innovations in asset inspection technologies, and enhance public understanding of oceanic systems through increased ocean literacy.
Deep Ocean Mission and the development of the Matsya 6000 submersible underscore India’s dedication to advancing oceanographic research and responsibly harnessing marine resources, thereby contributing to global efforts in sustainable ocean exploration.
Prelims Practice Question:
Q. With reference to India’s Deep Ocean Mission (DOM), consider the following statements:

1. The manned submersible Matsya 6000 is designed to carry three people to a depth of 6000 meters for deep-sea exploration.
2. The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai, is developing Matsya 6000 in collaboration with ISRO.
3. The submersible will have an operational endurance of up to 96 hours under normal conditions.
4. The Deep Ocean Mission aims to explore both living and non-living resources in the deep sea.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
   (A) 1 and 2 only
   (B) 1, 2, and 4 only
   (C) 3 and 4 only
   (D) 1, 2, 3, and 4
   Answer:
   Correct Option: (B) 1, 2, and 4 only
   Explanation:
   • Statement 1 is correct: Matsya 6000 is a manned submersible capable of carrying three people to a depth of 6000 meters for deep-sea observation and exploration.
   • Statement 2 is correct: The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai, is developing the submersible with ISRO’s assistance in integrating the Titanium alloy personnel sphere.
   • Statement 3 is incorrect: The submersible is designed for 12 hours of continuous operation under normal conditions, with an emergency endurance of up to 96 hours—not normal endurance.
   • Statement 4 is correct: The Deep Ocean Mission (DOM) focuses on exploring both living (biodiversity) and non-living (minerals, resources) aspects of the deep sea, following international guidelines.
   Thus, the correct answer is (B) 1, 2, and 4 only.
   Mains Model Question
   Q. The Deep Ocean Mission (DOM) is a crucial step in India’s pursuit of marine resource exploration and scientific research. Discuss the key objectives, technological advancements, and challenges associated with the mission.
   India’s Deep Ocean Mission (DOM), launched by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, aims to explore deep-sea resources, promote oceanographic research, and develop cutting-edge underwater technologies. It aligns with India’s Blue Economy strategy and strengthens marine resource utilization.
   Key Objectives of the Deep Ocean Mission:
5. Manned Submersible Development: Matsya 6000, a deep-sea submersible, is being developed to explore the ocean at 6000 meters depth with a crew of three scientists.
6. Exploration of Marine Resources: Focus on surveying polymetallic nodules, hydrothermal sulfides, and deep-sea biodiversity for sustainable utilization.
7. Technological Innovations: Development of advanced underwater robotics, deep-sea mining technologies, and oceanographic sensors.
8. Climate Change Studies: Enhancing ocean climate change advisory services by studying sea-level rise, cyclones, and coastal erosion.
9. Capacity Building in Marine Biology: Establishment of an Advanced Marine Station for Ocean Biology (AMSOB) to enhance research and conservation efforts.
   Technological Advancements:
   • Matsya 6000 features a Titanium personnel sphere (2.1m diameter) for withstanding deep-sea pressure, developed in collaboration with ISRO.
   • Submarine Optical Fiber Communication enables real-time data transmission from deep-sea exploration.
   • Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) aid in seabed mapping and mineral resource extraction.
   Challenges:
   • High Development Costs: Deep-sea missions require substantial funding for R&D.
   • Extreme Conditions: Harsh oceanic pressures and low temperatures pose technological risks.
   • Environmental Concerns: Deep-sea mining may impact marine biodiversity, necessitating strict regulations.
   Conclusion:
   The Deep Ocean Mission will position India as a leader in ocean exploration, fostering scientific innovation, resource sustainability, and technological self-reliance. However, balancing exploration with ecological responsibility is essential for long-term success.

Topic : Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME India)
Relevance : GS Paper 3 Science and Technology
Source : PIB
Context :
The Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME India) scheme is a pivotal initiative under the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020, aimed at promoting the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles in the country. The scheme has been implemented in two phases, each with distinct objectives and outcomes.
FAME India Phase I (2015-2019):
Launched on April 1, 2015, with an initial outlay of ₹895 crores, Phase I focused on:
• Demand Creation: Providing incentives to buyers across all vehicle segments, including two-wheelers, three-wheelers, four-wheelers, light commercial vehicles, and buses.
• Technology Platform: Supporting R&D and technology development.
• Pilot Projects: Implementing pilot projects to promote EV adoption.
• Charging Infrastructure: Establishing essential charging stations.
During this phase, approximately 2.78 lakh electric and hybrid vehicles were supported with total demand incentives of around ₹343 crores. Additionally, 465 buses were sanctioned to various cities and states.
FAME India Phase II (2019-2024):
Commencing on April 1, 2019, with a budget of ₹10,000 crores over three years, later extended, Phase II emphasized:
• Public Transportation Electrification: Encouraging the adoption of electric buses and shared transport.
• Demand Incentives: Providing incentives for electric two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and four-wheelers, primarily for public transport and commercial purposes.
• Charging Infrastructure: Establishing adequate charging stations to support EV growth.
The scheme aimed to support 10 lakh e-2Ws, 5 lakh e-3Ws, 55,000 e-4Ws, and 7,000 buses.
These initiatives have significantly contributed to the growth of the EV ecosystem in India, promoting sustainable transportation and reducing environmental pollution.
Recent Developments:
• Extension Proposal for FAME II: The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Industry has recommended extending the FAME India Phase-II Scheme by at least three years beyond its current deadline of March 31, 2024. This extension aims to maintain the momentum towards electric mobility.
• Subsidy Adjustments: In June 2023, the government reduced the FAME-II subsidy for electric two-wheelers. The committee has suggested restoring this subsidy to its previous levels to encourage adoption.
• Inclusion of Private EVs: There’s a recommendation to increase the number of electric vehicles supported in the four-wheeler category and to include private electric four-wheelers in the FAME-II Scheme, with caps based on cost and battery capacity.
Benefits of the Scheme:
• Environmental Impact: Both phases of the FAME India Scheme have contributed to reducing vehicular emissions, thereby improving air quality and supporting environmental sustainability.
• Economic Growth: The scheme has stimulated the electric vehicle market, leading to increased manufacturing activities, job creation, and technological advancements in the automotive sector.
• Infrastructure Development: A significant focus has been on establishing charging infrastructure, with plans to set up about 2,700 charging stations in various cities to ensure accessibility within a 3 km x 3 km grid.
• Consumer Adoption: By providing financial incentives, the scheme has made electric vehicles more affordable, leading to higher adoption rates among consumers.
Prelims Practice Question
Q. Consider the following statements regarding the FAME India Scheme:

1. The FAME India Scheme was launched under the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP).
2. FAME-II provides incentives for private electric four-wheelers in all segments.
3. The scheme includes components for demand incentives, charging infrastructure, and technology development.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
   (a) 1 and 2 only
   (b) 1 and 3 only
   (c) 2 and 3 only
   (d) 1, 2, and 3
   Answer:
   (b) 1 and 3 only
   Explanation:
   • Statement 1 is correct: The FAME India Scheme was launched under the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020 to promote electric and hybrid vehicles.
   • Statement 2 is incorrect: FAME-II primarily supports commercial and public transport electric vehicles such as e-buses, e-3Ws, and e-2Ws. While there have been discussions about including private EVs, they are not fully covered under the scheme yet.
   • Statement 3 is correct: The scheme includes demand incentives, charging infrastructure development, technology advancements, and pilot projects to promote electric mobility.
   Thus, the correct answer is (b) 1 and 3 only.
   Mains Model Question
   Q. The FAME India Scheme is a crucial step towards India’s electric mobility transition. Discuss its key objectives, impact, challenges, and the way forward.
   The Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME India) scheme, launched in 2015, is part of the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020 to promote electric mobility and reduce vehicular emissions. It has two phases:
   Key Objectives:
4. Demand Incentives – Financial subsidies for electric two-wheelers, three-wheelers, four-wheelers, and buses.
5. Charging Infrastructure – Developing EV charging stations across cities and highways.
6. Technology Development – Encouraging research in battery technology and EV components.
7. Public Transport Electrification – Deployment of electric buses in cities.
   Impact of FAME India Scheme:
   • Increased EV Adoption – Over 16 lakh EVs supported under FAME-II (as of December 2024).
   • Infrastructure Growth – More than 2,700 charging stations sanctioned.
   • Reduction in Carbon Emissions – EVs help cut fossil fuel consumption and air pollution.
   • Boost to Manufacturing – Encourages domestic production under Make in India.
   Challenges:
   • Limited Private EV Support – FAME-II mainly targets commercial vehicles.
   • Charging Infrastructure Gaps – Need for faster expansion of charging stations.
   • Subsidy Reductions – Recent cuts in incentives may slow adoption.
   • High Battery Costs – Dependence on lithium-ion imports raises costs.
   Way Forward:
   • Extending FAME-II beyond 2024 with better private EV support.
   • Strengthening domestic battery manufacturing under PLI schemes.
   • Expanding charging networks in rural and urban areas.
   • Incentivizing R&D for alternative battery technologies like solid-state batteries.
   The FAME India Scheme is key to India’s sustainable transportation future. Addressing infrastructure, policy, and cost-related challenges will ensure a smooth EV transition and strengthen India’s position in global electric mobility.

Topic : Devolution of Powers to Panchayats
Relevance : GS Paper 2 Polity
Source : PIB
Context :
The Devolution of Powers to Panchayats is a fundamental aspect of India’s grassroots governance, as outlined by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992. This amendment granted constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and aimed to decentralize governance, ensuring more localized decision-making and empowering local bodies to address regional concerns.
Panchayati Raj and Devolution Index
The Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) in India has been instrumental in promoting the devolution of powers to Panchayats through various measures. The Devolution Index, released annually by the Ministry, measures the extent of power, functions, finances, and accountability transferred to rural local bodies by the states. The report not only provides rankings of states based on these factors but also serves as a guiding tool for states to enhance their local governance frameworks.
Key Dimensions of Devolution
The Devolution Index evaluates six key dimensions that assess the effectiveness and comprehensiveness of devolution:

1. Framework: This dimension evaluates the legal and institutional framework for devolution. States are assessed on how they comply with constitutional provisions, like ensuring elections, reservations, and legislative support for Panchayats.
2. Functions: It gauges the extent of functions assigned to Panchayats in areas such as health, education, and rural development. States that have effectively devolved responsibilities like water supply and sanitation rank higher.
3. Finances: The financial capacity of Panchayats is a crucial component. This index measures the extent to which states devolve financial resources to local bodies for executing their functions effectively. A greater financial share leads to better local governance.
4. Functionaries: The availability and training of personnel in Panchayats are assessed. It includes evaluating how well states manage the recruitment and capacity building of functionaries who carry out the day-to-day operations of the Panchayats.
5. Capacity Enhancement: This dimension assesses efforts to strengthen the administrative and managerial capabilities of Panchayats through training programs, infrastructure development, and digital transformation.
6. Accountability: This evaluates transparency, audit compliance, and mechanisms to ensure financial accountability in the functioning of Panchayats.
   Progress in Devolution: Trends and Observations
   Over the years, there has been notable progress in the devolution of powers to Panchayats. According to the latest report, the overall devolution has increased from 39.9% to 43.9% between 2013-14 and 2021-22. This improvement is a result of dedicated efforts by the Central Government and state governments to enhance Panchayat empowerment through funding, capacity building, and digital integration.
   State-Wise Analysis: Top Performers
   The Devolution Index 2024 report highlighted some remarkable progress by several states:
   • Karnataka ranked first for its comprehensive approach to financial management and accountability frameworks. The state has implemented several reforms to ensure better fiscal management and transparency in rural governance.
   • Kerala and Tamil Nadu also stood out for their excellence in devolving functions, particularly in the health and education sectors, which are crucial for rural development.
   • Uttar Pradesh, in particular, showed significant improvement, leaping from the 15th position in the previous report to the 5th position. This is attributed to the state’s emphasis on enhancing accountability and financial transparency through innovative governance measures and anti-corruption frameworks.
   Success Stories and Lessons Learned
   Several states have demonstrated transformative progress in Panchayat governance. Uttar Pradesh’s remarkable improvement in the accountability dimension has set a new benchmark in local governance. Similarly, Tripura and Madhya Pradesh have also made notable strides in improving their revenue generation and fiscal management, demonstrating that even smaller states can achieve excellence in governance.
   Challenges in Devolution
   While there has been substantial progress, the devolution process still faces several challenges:
   • Uneven Devolution: There is significant variation in the extent of devolution across different states. Some states are still reluctant to transfer certain powers or resources to Panchayats, especially in areas where they have strong political or administrative control.
   • Insufficient Capacity: Despite efforts, many Panchayats still lack the administrative capacity to handle the devolved functions effectively. Training and empowerment of functionaries remain a critical challenge.
   • Financial Constraints: Many Panchayats continue to face financial constraints, limiting their ability to execute the functions they have been assigned.
   To strengthen the Panchayati Raj system and achieve the goal of Gram Swaraj (self-reliant villages), the following measures are needed:
7. Capacity Building: There must be a continuous effort to train and empower functionaries at the local level. Digital tools and technology can play a crucial role in improving governance at the grassroots.
8. Financial Devolution: States must work towards increasing financial devolution to Panchayats, enabling them to carry out their responsibilities without over-reliance on state funds.
9. Monitoring and Transparency: Establishing robust monitoring and auditing frameworks will ensure that funds and resources are used effectively, with minimal corruption.
10. Encouraging Competition: The Devolution Index itself acts as a tool for competitive federalism, motivating states to improve their rankings and work towards more decentralized, transparent governance.
    Prelims Practice Question
    Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the “Panchayati Raj Devolution Index”?
11. The Devolution Index measures the devolution of powers, functions, finances, and accountability to Panchayats across Indian states and Union Territories.
12. The Devolution Index is calculated by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj.
13. Karnataka has ranked first in the Devolution Index for its efforts in financial management and accountability.
14. Uttar Pradesh has shown no significant improvement in the Devolution Index in recent years.
    Select the correct answer using the codes below:
    A) 1, 2, 3
    B) 1, 3, 4
    C) 1, 3
    D) 2, 4
    Answer
    Correct Answer: A) 1, 2, 3
    Explanation:
15. Statement 1 is correct: The Devolution Index evaluates the devolution of powers, functions, finances, and accountability to Panchayats across states and Union Territories.
16. Statement 2 is correct: The Devolution Index is calculated by the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), under the guidance of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj.
17. Statement 3 is correct: Karnataka ranked first in the Devolution Index due to its exemplary efforts in financial management and accountability frameworks.
18. Statement 4 is incorrect: Uttar Pradesh has made remarkable improvements, jumping from 15th to 5th position in the recent report due to significant improvements in accountability and governance reforms.
    Mains Model Question
    Q. Discuss the significance of the Panchayati Raj Devolution Index in promoting rural governance and inclusive development in India. Highlight the achievements of top-performing states and the role of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj in fostering decentralization.
    The Panchayati Raj Devolution Index (DI) plays a pivotal role in evaluating and promoting the devolution of powers, functions, finances, and accountability to Panchayats across India. The index is a key tool in fostering decentralized governance at the grassroots level, in line with the 73rd Constitutional Amendment that grants constitutional status to Panchayats. It measures the extent to which states and Union Territories empower their Panchayats, thereby ensuring that local self-governments effectively contribute to holistic rural development.
    One of the key achievements of the Panchayati Raj Devolution Index is its ability to create a competitive federal environment. It ranks states based on six critical dimensions: Framework, Functions, Finances, Functionaries, Capacity Enhancement, and Accountability. This ranking encourages states to enhance their performance and adopt best practices from higher-ranked states.
    Among the top performers, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu have set benchmarks in areas such as financial management and functional devolution. Karnataka, for example, is lauded for its exemplary financial management practices and transparency in local governance. Similarly, Kerala and Tamil Nadu excel in function allocation and capacity enhancement, respectively.
    A notable success story is Uttar Pradesh, which has made remarkable progress by improving its accountability framework and introducing anti-corruption initiatives. Its jump from 15th to 5th position reflects the state’s commitment to reforming local governance structures.
    The Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) plays an instrumental role in this process by promoting capacity-building programs such as the Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA) and ensuring the digital transformation of Panchayat infrastructure. These initiatives empower local governments to better serve rural populations and contribute to India’s goal of inclusive development.
    In conclusion, the Panchayati Raj Devolution Index is a crucial instrument for ensuring that Panchayats fulfill their Constitutional responsibilities, leading to sustainable rural development and empowerment of local communities.

Topic : 4th India-EU Urban Forum on Smart & Sustainable Urbanisation
Relevance : GS Paper 2 International Relations
Source : The Hindu
Context :
The 4th India-EU Urban Forum on Smart & Sustainable Urbanisation held in New Delhi marks a significant milestone in the evolving cooperation between India and the European Union (EU) on sustainable urban development. This collaboration, which has been progressing since the 2017 Joint Declaration on Partnership for Smart and Sustainable Urbanization, focuses on advancing integrated urban planning, climate resilience, and sustainability in India’s rapidly urbanizing cities.
Background and Purpose of the Forum
The forum brought together key stakeholders, including officials, urban planners, experts, and policy-makers from both India and the EU. The central objective was to discuss strategies for fostering gender-inclusive, resilient, and sustainable urban development. Given that urban areas are responsible for a substantial portion of global energy consumption, emissions, and pollution, the partnership between India and the EU has been crucial in addressing these challenges.
India’s growing urban population, coupled with environmental concerns such as pollution, waste management, and water scarcity, makes sustainable urbanization a key area of focus for both India and the EU. The India-EU Urban Forum serves as a platform for sharing best practices, discussing innovative solutions, and fostering collaboration between both parties to create urban spaces that are smart, sustainable, and inclusive.
Key Themes of the Forum
The forum explored three main themes:

1. Urban Alliance and Integrated Approaches in Indian Cities: This theme focuses on fostering collaborative urban governance, where multiple stakeholders, including municipal authorities, the private sector, and civil society, work together to achieve sustainable outcomes. The emphasis is on integrated planning for urban spaces to address the interconnected challenges of climate change, resource management, and urban mobility.
2. Promoting Innovation and Circularity at the City Level: Circular economy principles, which emphasize the reuse, reduction, and recycling of resources, were discussed to create innovative urban solutions. These can help cities manage waste, promote efficient use of resources, and contribute to environmental sustainability.
3. Inclusive Urban Mobility as a Social Enabler: This theme focuses on creating urban mobility solutions that are inclusive, efficient, and environmentally friendly. Promoting public transport systems such as metros, electric vehicles (EVs), and cycling infrastructure is a key focus to make cities more accessible and reduce pollution.
   Impact of India-EU Collaboration
   Since the 2017 partnership, the India-EU collaboration has contributed significantly to India’s urban transformation efforts. The EU-India partnership has been instrumental in promoting models of sustainable cities, public-private investments, climate action, and disaster risk reduction. Over the years, EU has engaged with more than 40 Indian municipalities, helping them enhance their understanding of climate-smart development and providing technical and financial support for projects such as urban mobility solutions, waste management, and climate action planning.
   The EU has committed over € 45 million (approx. INR 400 crore) and leveraged over € 1 billion (approx. INR 9,000 crore) in capital to support these initiatives, highlighting the significant financial and technical backing being provided for sustainable urbanization in India.
   Statements from Key Figures
   H.E. Hervé Delphin, Ambassador of the European Union to India, highlighted the importance of EU-India cooperation in urban development, emphasizing that urbanization, if managed well, can offer great opportunities for sustainability. He pointed to the successful collaboration that has led to the financing of key infrastructure projects such as metros and waste disposal systems. His statement reinforced the EU’s commitment to continue this collaboration, with plans to pursue similar initiatives from 2025 to 2027.
   On the Indian side, Shri Srinivas Katikithala, Secretary of the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA), emphasized India’s commitment to urban innovation. Indian cities are adopting smart solutions, investing in green infrastructure, and implementing inclusive policies to ensure that the urbanization process is sustainable and beneficial for all sections of society. The collaboration with the EU is helping India in achieving its urban transformation goals.
   India-EU Cooperation and Future Outlook
   The India-EU Urban Forum highlights the growing importance of international partnerships in tackling global urbanization challenges. For India, the partnership with the EU offers an opportunity to leverage international expertise, funding mechanisms, and innovative solutions to address its own urbanization needs. As urban populations increase, the need for resilient infrastructure, green solutions, and inclusive policies becomes even more urgent.
   In the future, both India and the EU aim to continue their efforts towards building sustainable cities, addressing climate change, promoting circular economy practices, and ensuring that urban mobility is accessible and environmentally friendly. The continued collaboration will also focus on creating cities that are not only smart and sustainable but also gender-inclusive, ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens, particularly women and marginalized communities.
   This partnership is integral to India’s aspirations of creating smart cities that will form the backbone of inclusive growth and sustainable development in the country.
   Prelims Practice Question
   Q. Which of the following are the key themes discussed at the 4th India-EU Urban Forum on Smart & Sustainable Urbanisation?
4. Urban Alliance and Integrated Approaches in Indian Cities
5. Promoting Innovation and Circularity at the City Level
6. Inclusive Urban Mobility as a Social Enabler
7. Digital Transformation in Urban Governance
8. Housing and Infrastructure Development in Rural Areas
   Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
   a) 1, 2, 3 only
   b) 1, 2, 4 only
   c) 2, 3, 5 only
   d) 1, 2, 3, 4 only
   Answer: a) 1, 2, 3 only
   Explanation:
   The key themes discussed at the 4th India-EU Urban Forum on Smart & Sustainable Urbanisation were:
9. Urban Alliance and Integrated Approaches in Indian Cities: Focused on collaborative urban governance to address interconnected challenges.
10. Promoting Innovation and Circularity at the City Level: Emphasized the adoption of circular economy principles in urban solutions.
11. Inclusive Urban Mobility as a Social Enabler: Focused on promoting accessible and environmentally friendly urban mobility.
    The forum did not specifically focus on digital transformation or housing and infrastructure development in rural areas, so options 4 and 5 are not part of the main themes discussed.
    Mains Model Question:
    Q. Discuss the significance of the 4th India-EU Urban Forum in fostering smart and sustainable urbanisation. How does the collaboration between India and the European Union contribute to addressing urban challenges?
    The 4th India-EU Urban Forum, held in New Delhi, is a critical milestone in the growing collaboration between India and the European Union on sustainable urban development. Building on the 2017 Joint Declaration on the Partnership for Smart and Sustainable Urbanization, the forum aims to create integrated, resilient, and sustainable cities by addressing various urban challenges.
    The collaboration is especially significant considering urban areas are responsible for two-thirds of global energy consumption, emissions, and pollution. Through this forum, India and the EU have outlined three key themes: Urban Alliance and Integrated Approaches in Indian Cities, Promoting Innovation and Circularity at the City Level, and Inclusive Urban Mobility as a Social Enabler. These themes are crucial in shaping the future of urban development in India, where rapid urbanization poses environmental, social, and infrastructural challenges.
    One of the major contributions of the India-EU partnership is the promotion of climate-smart development. Since 2017, the EU has engaged with over 40 Indian municipalities, aiding in sustainable solutions such as climate action planning, waste management, and urban mobility systems. The EU has also supported financing for metro projects, improving eco-design in cities and enhancing water recycling and waste management mechanisms, which align with India’s commitment to sustainable urbanization.
    The forum also underscores the EU’s financial commitment, with over €45 million leveraged to mobilize more than €1 billion to support urban transformation projects. This collaboration not only facilitates the exchange of best practices but also strengthens public-private investments aimed at creating gender-inclusive, resilient, and environmentally sustainable urban spaces.
    In conclusion, the India-EU Urban Forum serves as a strategic platform for strengthening urban governance, fostering innovation, and addressing climate challenges, thereby playing a pivotal role in India’s transition to smart, sustainable, and inclusive urban growth.