Topic : India’s Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025

Relevance : GS Paper 2 Polity and International Relations

Source : PIB

Context :

The Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025, is set to be introduced by Union Home Minister Amit Shah during the ongoing Budget session of Parliament. The proposed law aims to modernize India’s immigration framework by replacing outdated legislation with a comprehensive system that aligns with present-day security needs, economic policies, and international migration trends.

This Bill will replace four existing laws:

1. The Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920
2. The Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939
3. The Foreigners Act, 1946
4. The Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000

By consolidating these laws, the Bill seeks to streamline visa regulations, foreigner registration, border security, and deportation policies while also introducing stricter penalties for violations.

Key Features of the Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025

1. Stricter Penalties for Violations

The Bill proposes harsher penalties to deter illegal immigration and document fraud:

• Unauthorized entry into India → Fine up to ₹5 lakh
• Use of fake passports → Fine up to ₹10 lakh
• Failure to comply with deportation orders → Imprisonment and financial penalties

The aim is to discourage illegal immigration, identity fraud, and misuse of Indian visas.

2. Clearer Regulations for Universities and Medical Institutions

Institutions hosting foreigners (such as universities and hospitals) will now have legal obligations:

• Educational institutions → Must register and track foreign students and report their details to authorities.
• Hospitals and medical institutions → Must maintain records of foreign patients and notify authorities when required.

This is expected to prevent misuse of student and medical visas while ensuring better tracking of foreigners in India.

3. Revised Visa and Passport Rules

The Bill grants the central government greater control over:

• Visa issuance and monitoring
• Foreign resident tracking mechanisms
• Stricter scrutiny of long-term foreign residents

These measures will help tighten border security and prevent overstaying of visas.

4. More Power to Immigration Officers

Under the new law, immigration officers will have expanded authority:

• Detaining, investigating, and deporting illegal immigrants
• Restricting movement of foreigners under security risks
• Denying entry based on potential security concerns

This will help strengthen India’s border security and internal monitoring systems.

5. Liability of Carriers and Transport Operators

The Bill places greater responsibility on airlines, shipping companies, and transport agencies:

• Carriers must verify passenger documents before travel
• Failure to comply could lead to legal penalties and fines up to ₹5 lakh

This provision ensures better enforcement of international travel norms and prevents the entry of undocumented foreigners

Why Does India Need a New Immigration Law?

The existing laws on immigration and foreigners were introduced between 1920 and 1946, during the British colonial era and World War II. These laws were not designed for modern challenges, such as:

• Rising global migration and economic integration
• Growing security concerns related to illegal immigration
• Advancements in biometric and digital identification systems
• India’s role as a global education and medical tourism hub

The Foreigners Act, 1946, and Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939, were originally enacted to regulate wartime movements. The Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000, was introduced to hold airlines accountable for undocumented passengers.

However, due to technological advancements and evolving threats, a single, comprehensive law is needed to effectively manage immigration in the 21st century.

Potential Challenges and Criticism

1. Concerns Over Human Rights and Deportation Policies

• The stricter deportation rules may affect long-term foreign residents, asylum seekers, and refugees.
• Human rights activists may raise concerns about due process and the treatment of deported individuals.

2. Impact on Universities and Medical Institutions

• Institutions may struggle to comply with the new reporting requirements.
• Bureaucratic hurdles could affect foreign student admissions and medical tourism.

3. Enforcement and Implementation Issues

• Strong coordination will be required between immigration officers, universities, airlines, and security agencies.
• There may be concerns over harassment or wrongful detentions.

To address these concerns, the government may introduce clear guidelines and due process safeguards to prevent misuse of the law.

The Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025, marks a significant shift in India’s approach to immigration regulation. By replacing outdated laws with a single, comprehensive framework, the government aims to:

• Improve visa policies and border security
• Increase penalties for immigration violations
• Enhance foreigner registration and monitoring
• Streamline international student and medical visa regulations

Prelims Practice Question:

Q. Consider the following statements regarding the Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025:

1. It seeks to replace multiple existing laws, including the Foreigners Act, 1946, and the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920.
2. The Bill introduces stricter penalties for unauthorized entry and document fraud.
3. Under the Bill, immigration officers will have the power to detain and deport illegal immigrants.
4. The Bill removes all obligations for educational institutions to report foreign students to authorities.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1, 2, and 3 only
(b) 1 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer:

Correct Option: (a) 1, 2, and 3 only

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: The Bill replaces outdated laws such as the Foreigners Act, 1946, Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920, Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939, and Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000.
• Statement 2 is correct: The Bill introduces strict penalties, such as a fine of up to ₹5 lakh for unauthorized entry and ₹10 lakh for fake passport use.
• Statement 3 is correct: Immigration officers are given greater powers to detain, investigate, and deport illegal immigrants under the new law.
• Statement 4 is incorrect: The Bill mandates that educational institutions must register and report foreign students to authorities.

Thus, the correct answer is (a) 1, 2, and 3 only.

Mains Model Question

Q. The Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025, aims to modernize India’s immigration framework by replacing outdated laws. Discuss the key features of the Bill and analyze its potential benefits and challenges. (250 words)

The Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025 seeks to replace pre-Independence era laws with a comprehensive legal framework to regulate immigration, visa policies, and foreigner registration.

Key Features of the Bill:

1. Consolidation of Laws – It repeals outdated laws like the Foreigners Act, 1946, and the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920, streamlining immigration policies.
2. Stricter Penalties – Unauthorized entry can lead to fines up to ₹5 lakh, while using fake passports may attract penalties of ₹10 lakh.
3. Enhanced Foreigner Tracking – Educational institutions and hospitals admitting foreigners must register and report them to authorities.
4. Greater Powers to Immigration Officers – Officers can detain, investigate, and deport illegal immigrants and restrict movements of foreigners posing security risks.
5. Liability for Transport Operators – Airlines and shipping companies must verify passenger documents, facing penalties if found violating immigration rules.

Potential Benefits:

• Stronger Border Security – Prevents illegal immigration and enhances tracking of foreigners.
• Improved National Security – Enables strict visa screening and ensures deportation of illegal entrants.
• Simplified Immigration System – Reduces bureaucratic complexities with a centralized legal structure.

Challenges:

• Human Rights Concerns – Deportation policies may raise concerns about due process.
• Administrative Burden – Compliance requirements for universities and hospitals may create bureaucratic hurdles.
• Enforcement Issues – Effective implementation requires strong coordination between multiple agencies.

Conclusion:

While the Bill modernizes immigration laws and enhances security, its implementation must balance national security with human rights concerns and ensure smooth compliance for institutions handling foreign nationals.

Topic : India-France Relations: A Comprehensive Overview

Relevance : GS paper  2 International Relations

Source : The Hindu

Context :

India and France share a long-standing Strategic Partnership, established in 1998, marked by deep cooperation in defense, security, space, nuclear energy, trade, and culture. Over the years, this relationship has evolved, reflecting shared democratic values, commitment to multilateralism, and converging strategic interests, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region. The recent India-France Joint Statement (2025) highlights the growing depth and breadth of bilateral cooperation.

Ties have expanded significantly across strategic, economic, and technological domains. The Horizon 2047 Roadmap and 2025 Joint Statement reflect their commitment to a deep and enduring partnership. With shared visions in Indo-Pacific security, defense industrial collaboration, AI, and counterterrorism, the future of this bilateral relationship appears robust. France’s support for India’s global aspirations, including UNSC membership, further strengthens the foundation for long-term cooperation.

Historical Background and Evolution of Ties

Colonial and Early Diplomatic Relations

• France had colonial rule in Puducherry, Karaikal, Yanam, Mahe, and Chandannagar, which were integrated into India in 1954.
• Diplomatic relations between India and France remained stable, with France being one of the few Western countries that did not impose sanctions after India’s 1998 nuclear tests.

Strategic Partnership (1998 Onwards)

• India and France formalized their Strategic Partnership in 1998, emphasizing defense, nuclear cooperation, space, and counterterrorism.
• France has consistently supported India’s bid for a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).

Key Areas of Cooperation

Defense and Security

• France is a key defense partner of India, with collaborations on fighter jets, submarines, and defense technology transfer.
• The Rafale deal (2016), under which India procured 36 Rafale fighter jets, strengthened military ties.
• The P-75 Scorpene Submarine project facilitated the construction of INS Kalvari-class submarines in India under Make in India.
• The 2025 Joint Statement emphasized ongoing collaboration on missiles, helicopter engines, and jet engines, along with discussions on integrating DRDO’s Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) into Scorpene submarines.
• France welcomed India as an observer in the Eurodrone MALE programme, reflecting growing trust in military cooperation.

Nuclear Cooperation

• France has been a steadfast supporter of India’s civil nuclear ambitions, being the first country to sign a nuclear agreement with India post-NSG waiver (2008).
• The Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant, set to be the largest nuclear power plant in the world, remains a cornerstone of bilateral nuclear cooperation.
• In 2025, both sides agreed to collaborate on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and Advanced Modular Reactors (AMRs), ensuring long-term energy security.

Indo-Pacific and Maritime Security

• France, as a resident power in the Indo-Pacific (Reunion Islands, New Caledonia, French Polynesia), aligns with India’s vision of a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific.
• The Varuna naval exercises, held annually, and India’s participation in the La Perouse exercise underscore strong maritime cooperation.
• Joint patrols in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and strategic coordination on China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific have become integral to bilateral engagement.

Space and Technology Cooperation

• India and France have a 50-year-old partnership in space, with France playing a key role in ISRO’s early satellite programs.
• The India-France Strategic Space Dialogue fosters cooperation on earth observation, human spaceflight, and satellite launches.
• The 2025 discussions focused on expanding industry collaborations between ISRO and CNES (French Space Agency).

Economic and Trade Relations

• Bilateral trade (2024) reached a record high of $13 billion, with France being India’s 7th largest foreign investor.
• Key sectors of investment: urban infrastructure, renewable energy, aviation, and digital technologies.
• The India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC) was reaffirmed as a strategic initiative for connectivity and clean energy transition.
• France expressed interest in India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) expansion in France, enhancing financial cooperation.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Cybersecurity

• The 2025 AI Action Summit in France co-hosted by India reflects deepening technological ties.
• The India-France Roadmap on AI focuses on safe, open, and trustworthy AI development.
• In cybersecurity, both countries committed to strengthening cooperation at the UN and tackling cyber threats globally.

Counterterrorism and Global Security

• France and India unequivocally condemned terrorism in all forms, calling for global action against terror financing and safe havens.
• France reaffirmed its support for India’s concerns on cross-border terrorism, including designation of terrorists under UNSC 1267 Sanctions Committee.
• Joint counter-terrorism exercises between NSG (India) and GIGN (France) reinforce security collaboration.

People-to-People and Cultural Relations

• France aims to host 30,000 Indian students by 2030, with 10,000 expected by 2025.
• International Classes Scheme allows Indian students to integrate into French universities.
• The Young Professionals Scheme (YPS) under the Migration and Mobility Partnership Agreement (MMPA) facilitates work exchanges for youth.
• The 2026 Year of Innovation will enhance bilateral cultural and academic exchanges.

Multilateral Engagements and Global Cooperation

• Both countries support reforming the UNSC and curbing veto misuse in cases of mass atrocities.
• They coordinate closely in forums like G20, FATF, and the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI).
• France’s participation in the Mangrove Alliance for Climate (led by India and UAE) reflects environmental cooperation.

Challenges in the India-France Partnership

• Jaitapur Nuclear Project delays due to local protests and cost concerns.
• Trade imbalance, with Indian exports to France lagging behind imports.
• Defense technology transfer concerns, especially in areas like jet engine development.

Prelims Practice Question

With reference to India-France relations, consider the following statements:

1. France was the first country to establish a strategic partnership with India.
2. India and France conduct the bilateral naval exercise “Varuna” annually.
3. France has formally supported India’s permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
4. The International Solar Alliance (ISA) was jointly launched by India and France.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1, 2, and 3 only
(b) 2, 3, and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer:

Correct option: (b) 2, 3, and 4 only

Explanation:

1. France was NOT the first country to establish a strategic partnership with India – Russia was the first (in 2000), followed by other nations, including France in 1998. Hence, Statement 1 is incorrect.
2. India and France conduct the bilateral naval exercise “Varuna” annually, which enhances maritime cooperation. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
3. France has been a strong advocate for India’s permanent membership in the UNSC and has reiterated its support multiple times. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
4. The International Solar Alliance (ISA) was jointly launched by India and France in 2015 during the COP-21 climate summit in Paris to promote solar energy. Hence, Statement 4 is correct.

Mains Model Question

Q. India and France share a strong strategic partnership covering multiple domains, from defense to climate change. Discuss the evolution of Indo-French relations and analyze their significance in the contemporary geopolitical landscape.

India and France have maintained a robust bilateral relationship since establishing diplomatic ties in 1947. Their Strategic Partnership (1998) covers defense, space, nuclear energy, climate change, and trade. This relationship has deepened over the years, adapting to evolving global challenges.

Evolution of Indo-French Relations

1. Early Engagements (1947–1998):

1. France was one of the few Western countries to support India’s independent foreign policy during the Cold War.
2. The 1998 nuclear tests led to Western sanctions on India, but France maintained diplomatic engagement.
3. Strategic Partnership (1998–Present):

2. Defense Cooperation: France supplied Mirage-2000 jets and later Rafale fighter jets under a 2016 deal.
3. Nuclear Energy: Civil nuclear cooperation includes the proposed Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant, the world’s largest nuclear energy project.
4. Space Collaboration: ISRO and CNES (France’s space agency) cooperate in climate monitoring and satellite development.
5. Maritime Security: The Varuna naval exercise strengthens Indo-Pacific cooperation.

Contemporary Significance

1. Geopolitical Stability: India and France advocate for a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific amid China’s assertiveness.
2. Multilateral Cooperation: France supports India’s permanent membership in the UNSC and closer EU-India ties.
3. Climate Change: Joint leadership in the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and sustainable development projects.
4. Technology & Innovation: Collaboration in AI, cybersecurity, and defense R&D under the Horizon 2047 Roadmap.

Conclusion

India-France ties continue to strengthen, driven by shared values and mutual strategic interests. As global dynamics shift, this partnership will play a key role in regional and global stability.

Topic : PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana

Relevance : GS Paper 3 Renewable Energy, Environment

Source : Indian Express

Context :

Launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on February 13, 2024, the PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana (PMSGMBY) aims to reshape India’s energy sector by encouraging the installation of residential rooftop solar panels. As the world’s largest domestic rooftop solar initiative, the scheme targets providing free electricity to one crore households by March 2027, reducing the country’s reliance on traditional fossil fuels.

As the scheme celebrates its first anniversary on February 13, 2025, it has already made remarkable progress. By January 27, 2025, it had benefitted 8.46 lakh households, with monthly installations increasing to 70,000 per month, a significant rise compared to pre-scheme levels. The initiative offers a 40% subsidy, making solar energy more affordable, with ₹4,308.66 crore disbursed as Central Financial Assistance (CFA) to 5.54 lakh residential consumers. Notably, around 45% of beneficiaries are receiving zero electricity bills based on their solar generation and usage patterns.

Key Benefits of the Scheme

Free Electricity for Households

• The scheme drastically reduces electricity costs by facilitating the installation of subsidized rooftop solar panels.
• Many households experience zero electricity bills based on the amount of solar energy they generate and consume.

Reduction in Government Electricity Costs

• The initiative helps the government save an estimated ₹75,000 crore annually on electricity expenses due to widespread solar energy adoption.

Promotion of Renewable Energy

• The scheme aligns with India’s National Solar Mission, boosting the share of clean energy in the national power mix.
• It accelerates India’s transition to renewable energy, making significant progress toward sustainability goals.

Reduction in Carbon Emissions

• By encouraging the shift to solar power, the scheme will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, supporting India’s commitments to global climate agreements like the Paris Accord.

Subsidy Details

Eligibility Criteria for Subsidy

• The subsidy varies based on monthly electricity consumption and the required solar system capacity.
• Households with consumption levels of 0-150 units can receive a subsidy ranging from ₹30,000 to ₹60,000 for a 1-2 kW system.
• For households consuming 150-300 units, the subsidy is between ₹60,000 and ₹78,000 for a 2-3 kW system.
• Households with higher consumption, above 300 units, can receive a subsidy of ₹78,000 or more for systems above 3 kW.

Application and Processing

• Households can apply for the subsidy through the National Portal, where they can also choose an approved vendor for installation.
• The average processing time for Central Financial Assistance (CFA) is around 15 days once the consumer submits the necessary documents.

Impact and Future Projections

Savings and Income Generation

• The scheme provides not only savings on electricity bills but also potential income for households by selling surplus electricity to DISCOMs.
• A 3 kW system can generate over 300 units of power monthly, helping families lower their electricity costs and generate additional revenue.

Expansion of Solar Capacity

• The scheme aims to add 30 GW of solar capacity through residential rooftop installations, contributing significantly to India’s renewable energy goals.

Environmental and Economic Impact

• Over the 25-year lifespan of the solar systems, the scheme is expected to generate 1000 billion units of electricity and reduce CO2 emissions by 720 million tonnes, contributing to a cleaner environment.
• The initiative is also expected to create 17 lakh jobs, spanning sectors such as manufacturing, logistics, installation, and maintenance.

Model Solar Village Initiative

• The scheme includes a Model Solar Village program, where each district will establish one solar-powered village, promoting energy self-reliance.
• The selected villages will receive ₹1 crore for implementing renewable energy solutions and setting an example for others.

The PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana has made substantial progress in reshaping India’s energy landscape by empowering millions of households with solar power. With ambitious goals to provide free electricity to one crore households by 2027, the scheme is reducing electricity costs for both consumers and the government while advancing India’s renewable energy targets. The addition of 30 GW of rooftop solar capacity, along with the Model Solar Village initiative, underscores the government’s commitment to sustainable and equitable development.

Prelims Practice Question
Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana (PMSGMBY)?

1. It was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in February 2024 with the goal of providing free electricity to one crore households by 2030.
2. The scheme offers a subsidy of up to 40% for rooftop solar installations based on the household’s monthly electricity consumption.
3. The PMSGMBY is expected to save the government ₹75,000 crore annually in electricity costs.
4. The Model Solar Village initiative under the scheme focuses on establishing one solar-powered village in each district of India.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:
a) 1, 3, and 4
b) 2, 3, and 4
c) 1, 2, and 4
d) 2, 3, and 4

Answer:

b) 2, 3, and 4

Explanation:

1. The scheme aims to provide free electricity to one crore households by 2027, not by 2030 (Statement 1 is incorrect).
2. The scheme provides a subsidy of up to 40% for rooftop solar installations based on electricity consumption (Statement 2 is correct).
3. The scheme is expected to save the government ₹75,000 crore annually in electricity costs (Statement 3 is correct).
4. Under the scheme, the Model Solar Village initiative aims to establish one solar-powered village in each district of India (Statement 4 is correct).

Mains Model Question
Critically analyze the potential impact of the PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana on India’s energy landscape, economy, and environmental sustainability.

The PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana (PMSGMBY) marks a transformative shift in India’s energy landscape by encouraging widespread adoption of rooftop solar energy. Launched in 2024, the scheme aims to provide free electricity to one crore households by 2027, with a significant focus on reducing electricity costs for consumers and promoting renewable energy.

Impact on Energy Landscape:
The scheme facilitates the installation of solar panels in residential areas, contributing to India’s target of 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030. It aims to install 30 GW of solar capacity through residential rooftop systems, drastically reducing dependence on conventional, non-renewable energy sources. This decentralization of energy production empowers households, especially in rural areas, leading to energy self-reliance.

Economic Impact:
Economically, the scheme provides subsidies of up to 40%, making solar energy more affordable for lower-income households. This is expected to alleviate the burden of rising electricity costs on consumers while fostering savings. The government’s ₹75,000 crore annual savings from reduced energy expenditure adds significant financial relief. Moreover, the scheme is poised to generate around 17 lakh jobs in various sectors, including manufacturing, installation, and maintenance, driving economic growth.

Environmental Impact:
On the environmental front, the transition to solar energy will substantially reduce carbon emissions. The initiative is expected to save around 720 million tonnes of CO2 over 25 years, supporting India’s commitment to the Paris Agreement. By promoting renewable energy, the scheme contributes to a more sustainable energy mix, reducing the carbon footprint of the country.

In conclusion, the PM Surya Ghar Yojana is a crucial step towards India’s energy transition, offering economic, environmental, and social benefits. However, challenges such as the need for large-scale infrastructure, consumer awareness, and system maintenance will require sustained effort from both the government and the private sector.

Topic : India’s Clean Cooking Gas Model: A Blueprint for the Global South

Relevance : GS Paper 3 Environment

Source : The Hindu

Context :

India’s model of providing clean cooking gas (LPG) has emerged as a beacon of success, showcasing how targeted subsidies, strong political will, digitization, and cultural shifts can ensure universal access to clean cooking solutions. At the India Energy Week 2025, India’s Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas, Shri Hardeep Singh Puri, highlighted the achievements and replicability of India’s clean cooking initiatives, particularly the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), which has helped millions access LPG at an affordable cost.

Key Initiatives by the Indian Government

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY):
Launched in 2016, PMUY aims to provide LPG connections to women from Below Poverty Line (BPL) households, facilitating the switch from traditional biomass fuels (like firewood and coal) to clean cooking gas. Under PMUY, over 9 crore LPG connections have been provided across the country. This scheme is a significant achievement in improving public health by reducing indoor air pollution, a leading cause of respiratory diseases, especially in rural areas.

Subsidized LPG Pricing:
As highlighted in the discussions at India Energy Week, India provides LPG at a highly affordable cost of just 7 cents per day for beneficiaries under PMUY. Even non-beneficiaries can avail of LPG at a cost of 15 cents per day, making clean cooking economically viable for a majority of the population. This affordability has been a game-changer in driving widespread adoption.

Digitization of Distribution Networks:
To enhance the efficiency of the LPG distribution system, India has digitized its network, enabling Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) to track distribution, manage inventory, and deliver LPG cylinders to the last mile. This process has reduced delays and made LPG distribution more seamless, even in remote and hard-to-reach areas.

Last-Mile Delivery:
India has worked extensively on ensuring that LPG reaches even the most remote villages, leveraging digital platforms to facilitate easier access. The role of Oil Marketing Companies in streamlining last-mile delivery through technology has been a crucial factor in PMUY’s success.

Public Awareness Campaigns:
India has conducted large-scale campaigns to change the cultural mindset around cooking with clean energy, promoting the health benefits of switching from traditional biomass to LPG. These campaigns have helped to overcome resistance and foster a cultural shift towards the acceptance of clean cooking.

Global South and India’s Model

India’s approach to clean cooking has become a model for other countries in the Global South, where access to clean energy remains a significant challenge. During the Ministerial Roundtable on Clean Cooking at India Energy Week 2025, representatives from countries like Brazil, Tanzania, Malawi, Sudan, and Nepal shared their experiences and challenges in adopting clean cooking solutions. India’s success story provides valuable lessons for these nations, especially in affordability, access, and infrastructure.

For instance, Tanzania’s strategy to enable 80% of households to switch to clean cooking by 2030 involves subsidies, similar to India’s approach. Sudan has also recognized the importance of private sector involvement to overcome challenges such as high infrastructure costs and dependence on imports. India’s ability to provide subsidized LPG, coupled with its political commitment and digital delivery mechanisms, has made it an attractive model for these nations.

Solar Cooking Solutions and India’s Vision for the Future

India is also exploring alternative clean cooking technologies, including solar cookers, which have the potential to reduce dependence on LPG in areas with abundant sunlight. The Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) has developed advanced solar cookers that are priced around $500 per unit. Though the price remains a barrier to widespread adoption, carbon financing and private sector collaboration could drive down costs, making solar cooking a viable solution in many regions of the Global South.

Environmental and Health Impact

India’s efforts to transition to clean cooking have significant environmental benefits. By reducing the use of firewood and other biomass fuels, India is not only improving health outcomes but also cutting down on deforestation and carbon emissions. The health impacts are profound, as exposure to the toxic smoke from traditional biomass fuels is a leading cause of respiratory diseases and premature deaths, particularly among women and children in rural areas.

India’s Leadership in Clean Energy Transition

Shri Hardeep Singh Puri’s emphasis on India’s commitment to global energy access reflects India’s growing leadership in clean energy transition. The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana and other clean cooking initiatives are key components of India’s broader energy strategy, which also includes scaling up renewable energy capacity and reducing reliance on traditional fuels.

India’s model, backed by smart subsidies, digitized delivery mechanisms, and strong political will, is indeed replicable in other developing nations. It showcases how affordable, accessible, and sustainable energy solutions can empower communities, improve health outcomes, and reduce environmental damage. As India continues to scale up these efforts, it remains committed to sharing its knowledge and solutions to help achieve universal clean cooking access globally.

Prelims Practice Question:

Q. Which of the following are key features of India’s Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)?

1. It provides LPG connections to Below Poverty Line (BPL) households.
2. It offers free LPG cylinders for the lifetime of the beneficiaries.
3. It aims to reduce indoor air pollution by switching from biomass to LPG for cooking.
4. It has a target of providing 10 crore LPG connections by 2025.

Select the correct answer using the code below:

• (a) 1 and 3 only
• (b) 1, 3, and 4 only
• (c) 2, 3, and 4 only
• (d) 1, 2, and 4 only

Answer:

(a) 1 and 3 only

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: The PMUY provides LPG connections to women from Below Poverty Line (BPL) households, aiming to improve access to clean cooking fuel.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: While PMUY offers LPG connections at a highly subsidized rate, it does not provide free cylinders for a lifetime. Beneficiaries pay for the refills at subsidized rates.
• Statement 3 is correct: PMUY aims to reduce indoor air pollution by replacing traditional biomass cooking methods (like firewood and coal) with LPG, thus improving health outcomes, especially for women and children.
• Statement 4 is incorrect: The target for PMUY is to provide 8 crore LPG connections by 2025, not 10 crore.

Mains Model Question:

Q. Discuss the impact of India’s Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) on the health and socio-economic well-being of rural households.

The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), launched in 2016, is a transformative initiative aimed at improving the health and socio-economic conditions of rural households by providing access to clean cooking fuel in the form of LPG. The scheme specifically targets Below Poverty Line (BPL) families, with a focus on empowering women who traditionally bear the brunt of indoor air pollution from biomass-based cooking methods like firewood and coal.

Health Impact: PMUY plays a crucial role in addressing the severe health hazards associated with cooking with traditional biomass fuels. Exposure to smoke from these fuels causes respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, particularly in women and children who spend long hours cooking. By transitioning to LPG, PMUY significantly reduces indoor air pollution, leading to improved respiratory health, fewer cases of pneumonia, and a reduction in premature deaths due to smoke-related illnesses. It also minimizes the risks of burns and accidents associated with traditional cooking methods.

Socio-Economic Impact: The PMUY has a profound impact on the socio-economic well-being of rural households. Firstly, it empowers women by reducing the time spent collecting firewood, which often results in physical strain and lost productivity. With access to LPG, women can engage in other productive activities, contributing to income generation and improving their quality of life. Furthermore, PMUY improves the overall productivity of rural communities by freeing up time spent on household chores and fostering a healthier living environment.

Economic Savings: The scheme also offers significant economic savings. Families who previously spent a substantial portion of their income on firewood or traditional fuels can now use LPG at a subsidized rate. This reduces the economic burden on households, contributing to better financial stability.

In conclusion, PMUY not only enhances health outcomes but also promotes gender equality and rural development, making it a critical component of India’s energy access and poverty alleviation strategy.

Topic : Consumer Price Index (CPI) for January 2025

Relevance : GS Paper 3 Economy

Source : Indian Express

Context :

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) for January 2025 shows several key developments regarding inflation in rural, urban, and combined sectors in India. The overall year-on-year inflation rate for January 2025 stands at 4.31%, showing a decline from 5.22% in December 2024. This marks a significant easing in inflation, largely attributed to a sharp decline in food inflation, which is 6.02% for January 2025, down from 8.39% in December 2024.

Rural inflation, both in general and food categories, has significantly decreased. The rural CPI (General) inflation rate fell to 4.64% in January 2025 from 5.76% in December 2024. Food inflation in rural areas also saw a considerable drop from 8.65% to 6.31%. In contrast, urban inflation also declined from 4.58% to 3.87% in January 2025, with food inflation reducing from 7.9% to 5.53%.

Subgroups like vegetables, egg, pulses, cereals, education, clothing, and health all experienced a notable reduction in their inflation rates. However, certain items like coconut oil (54.20%), potato (49.61%), coconut (38.71%), garlic (30.65%), and peas (30.17%) saw the highest inflation among all categories.

Notably, the housing inflation for January 2025 stood at 2.76%, showing a slight increase from 2.71% in December 2024. Similarly, education and health inflation rates stood at 3.83% and 3.97%, respectively. The fuel and light inflation rate, while still negative at -1.38%, showed a slight increase from the previous month.

These trends reflect a mixed economic scenario with certain areas experiencing inflation relief, while others, particularly in essential food items, continue to see high price pressures.

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

• Purpose: CPI measures the changes in the average prices of goods and services typically consumed by households. It is a key indicator of inflation, reflecting the cost of living.
• Coverage: Includes goods and services consumed by households such as food, clothing, housing, transport, healthcare, education, and more.
• Types:
  • CPI (General): Includes all categories of goods and services.
  • CPI (Food): Focuses only on food items.
  • CPI for Rural, Urban, and Combined: Breaks down CPI by geographical regions to provide a detailed view of inflation trends.

January 2025 CPI Highlights

• The All-India CPI (General) for January 2025 shows a year-on-year inflation rate of 4.31%, with a decline from 5.22% in December 2024.
• Food Inflation: The Consumer Food Price Index (CFPI) shows a year-on-year food inflation rate of 6.02% for January 2025, down from 8.39% in December 2024.
• Sectoral Inflation:
  • Housing inflation: 2.76%.
  • Education inflation: 3.83%.
  • Health inflation: 3.97%.
  • Fuel & Light inflation: -1.38%, indicating deflation.
• Key Contributors to Inflation: Prices of coconut oil, potatoes, coconut, garlic, and peas saw the highest inflation, while items like jeera, ginger, dry chilies, and LPG experienced deflation.

Wholesale Price Index (WPI)

• Purpose: WPI measures the price changes in the wholesale or bulk markets of goods in the economy. It captures price fluctuations at the producer or wholesale level.
• Coverage: Primarily includes raw materials and intermediate goods, rather than those consumed by the general public. This includes commodities like coal, crude oil, industrial goods, and raw food.
• Components:
  • Primary Articles: Includes food, non-food items like raw materials, and minerals.
  • Fuel and Power: Tracks changes in prices of petroleum products, coal, and electricity.
  • Manufactured Products: Covers prices of manufactured goods.

WPI Trends

• As of January 2025, the WPI for all commodities had increased by 3.92% year-on-year, signaling inflation at the wholesale level.
• WPI data can reflect inflationary pressures in sectors like manufacturing, mining, and services before they translate into consumer prices.

Differences Between CPI and WPI

1. Purpose:

1. CPI measures the price changes for a basket of goods and services consumed by households, focusing on the cost of living.
2. WPI tracks price changes at the wholesale level or before products reach the retail market.
3. Coverage:

2. CPI includes a broad range of goods and services consumed by people, including food, housing, healthcare, education, and transport.
3. WPI focuses on the prices of raw materials, intermediate goods, and manufactured products that are traded between producers.
4. Impact:

3. CPI directly affects consumers because it is related to the prices they pay for everyday goods and services.
4. WPI indirectly impacts consumers, as it reflects price changes at the wholesale level that could eventually affect retail prices.
5. Inflationary Signals:

4. CPI is used to gauge consumer inflation and reflects the real-life effects of price changes on households.
5. WPI is an early indicator of price pressures in the economy and can signal future trends in inflation before they are felt by consumers.
6. Use in Policy:

5. CPI is primarily used by central banks and policymakers to adjust monetary policy (e.g., interest rates) to control inflation.
6. WPI is more useful for government agencies in understanding the price trends in industrial sectors, raw material costs, and the economy’s overall health.

Prelims Practice Question:

Q.Which of the following statements correctly describe the differences between the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Wholesale Price Index (WPI)?

1. CPI measures price changes at the consumer level, while WPI measures price changes at the wholesale or producer level.
2. CPI includes only food and beverage items, whereas WPI tracks a broader range of raw materials, intermediate goods, and manufactured products.
3. CPI is more directly relevant for assessing the inflationary impact on households, while WPI reflects inflationary pressures at the industrial level.
4. Both CPI and WPI measure the same set of goods and services but differ in how they are weighted.

Select the correct answer using the code below:

• (a) 1 and 3 only
• (b) 1 and 4 only
• (c) 2 and 3 only
• (d) 3 and 4 only

Answer: (a) 1 and 3 only

Explanation:

1. CPI vs. WPI:
2. CPI measures price changes at the consumer level, capturing the cost of goods and services purchased by households, while WPI measures price changes at the wholesale or producer level, capturing the price of raw materials, intermediate goods, and manufactured products.
3. CPI Includes More than Food and Beverages:
4. Unlike the statement in option 2, CPI includes a wide range of goods and services beyond just food and beverages, such as housing, healthcare, transport, etc. WPI also tracks more than just food but primarily focuses on industrial and raw materials.
5. CPI’s Direct Impact on Households:
6. CPI directly reflects the inflationary pressures on the cost of living for households, making it more relevant for measuring how inflation affects consumers, whereas WPI provides a more indirect indicator, reflecting inflation at the industrial or wholesale level.
7. Different Coverage and Weights:
8. Option 4 is incorrect because CPI and WPI track different sets of goods and services. They do not measure the same set of items, and the weight assigned to each category varies between the two indices.

Thus, the correct answer is (a) 1 and 3 only.

Mains Model Question:

Q. Examine the key differences between the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Wholesale Price Index (WPI). Discuss their relevance in measuring inflation and the policy implications for the economy.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) are two primary tools used to measure inflation, but they differ in their scope, coverage, and relevance to economic policy.

Key Differences:

1. Coverage:

1. CPI measures the price changes at the consumer level, tracking goods and services that are directly purchased by households, such as food, housing, healthcare, and education.
2. WPI, on the other hand, measures price changes at the wholesale level, focusing on raw materials, intermediate goods, and manufactured products that businesses purchase for production.
3. Focus:

2. CPI directly reflects consumer expenditure and is therefore more relevant to assessing the cost of living for households.
3. WPI, by focusing on wholesale prices, reflects industrial production costs and is often used to assess inflationary pressures within the manufacturing and supply chain sectors.
4. Inflation Measurement:

3. CPI is generally considered a better indicator of retail inflation because it captures the prices that consumers directly face. It is also more sensitive to price changes in essential goods like food and fuel, which directly impact household budgets.
4. WPI measures producer-level inflation, which can provide early signals of inflationary trends that could eventually impact consumers.

Relevance and Policy Implications:

• CPI is particularly relevant for monetary policy, as it directly affects household purchasing power. Central banks, like the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), use CPI to set inflation targets and adjust interest rates to maintain price stability. A rising CPI typically signals increased inflationary pressures, prompting tighter monetary policy.
• WPI, although important for assessing inflationary trends at the wholesale level, has limited utility in guiding consumer-focused policies. It is more useful for understanding industrial cost pressures and forecasting changes in future CPI.

In conclusion, while both indices provide important insights, CPI is more directly relevant for gauging inflation’s impact on consumers, whereas WPI serves as an early indicator of changes in industrial costs and producer inflation.